U.s. Obama s Foreign Policy - 1621 Words

The Obama Doctrine Obama was elected president in 2008 .WHen Obama was running for president many people did not know him. He was unknown to the general public. When Obama was elected many people were happy and wanted him to win because Obama promised to end war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Which he did during the end of his presidency he ended the Iraq war and also signed a nuclear deal with Iraq from obtaining nuclear weapons. He tended to keep away from foreign policy. Some of Obama s Major Foreign Policy accomplishments are:Ending the war in Iraq Killing of Osama Bin Laden ,Nuclear deal with Iran ,Paris Climate Change Agreement, Opening of relations with Cuba, Trans-Pacific Partnership. He also went to go visit Cuba during his last year†¦show more content†¦And both had to deal with Iraq War. But Bush s foreign policy changed after 9/11. The US became more cautious and there was many organizations created to prevent another 9/11 from happening such as: The Department of Homeland Security, Avi ation and Transportation Security Act(TSA), and almost 263 more.more than 130 pieces of 9/11-related legislation were introduced in the 107th Congress in the year after the attacks, with 48 bills and resolutions approved or signed into law. Along with the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, they included the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act, which required the State Department and Immigration to share visa and immigrant data with each other. Subsequent years brought the release of the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill, which gave educational funding to soldiers, and the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, providing $4.2 billion for the health of people who worked at Ground Zero during and after the attacks ( pbs.org).After 9/11 the US foreign policy has changed dramatically. Things became more strict in the US. And also anti-islamic violence was very prevalent after 9/11 a lot of mosques were vandalized and many muslims were bullied, some didn t get job s because of their names or lost their jobs. Obama is most dissimilar to Bush they are like apples to oranges. But both had to deal with Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. But Obama had

The Causes Of Decolonization After World War II - 979 Words

After World War II, there was uprising decolonization in many countries. Decolonization is the ‘’withdrawal from its former colonies of a colonial power’’ (OED). The factors that caused this transformation are colonial nationalism, politics, religious and ethnic movements and international pressure. During this time, the colonial powers were weakened, which brought opportunity for independence to many regions like French North Africa and India. Consequently, relationships between countries changed and they became opposed to colonialism. Therefore, many countries wanted to gain independence from colonies and empires and form new independent nations which lead to an end of the formal empire. Therefore, I argue that the reason for the†¦show more content†¦The people of Algeria are directed against colonialism and they wanted freedom from the French rule. They want to save their country and restore its liberty. They propose that the French authorities negotiate with them their right to self-determination. Their aim is restoration and independence of the Algerian state in accordance with the Islamic principles and respect of basic liberties regardless of race or religion (Battle of Algiers movie). France was not the only nation that wanted to expand and gain wealth. Many nations had the goal to be the most powerful country just like the Great Britain. The Great Britain wanted to control India because it was known as the Crown Jewel and it has many resources (Lec 11/15). Economically, Indians suffered because traditional industries died and workers were forced to make products for export to Britain. These products were mostly raw materials for British goods, which Indians had to buy. British runds india by company. came to India to trade and used all means available to them to dominate the country and exploited the wealth and riches of the country to feed their industrial revolution even at the cost of hurting the indian economy and industry. They did not even care during famine and lots of people lost their lives.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Decolonization727 Words   |  3 PagesDecolonization can be achieved by gaining independence, along with interaction of power also, it is a political process that causes violence in in a lot of circumstances and may sometimes be resolved by negotiating on peaceful terms. But can also lead to violent resistance and arm struggle by the native population. Eventually with World War coming to an end, it brought a revolution of decolonization in many countries. 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Collection of Revenue Free Essays

string(65) " of Kenya Methodist University to the public and world at large\." CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1. 1 Background of the study Local authority revenue is the money collected from provision of service and donation from individual and other organization. Every local authority globally has its type of revenue that it collects depending upon the environments surrounding it and the type of service it offers to its resident or citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Collection of Revenue or any similar topic only for you Order Now The availability control and use of finances are the core of any organization existence and not least local authorities, in them public services role,(Cola, 2002). Infrastructure, social and community services there is the part of and democratic system According to Wood et al (1988), revenue means the sales value of goods and service that have been supplied or sold to the customers. According to Mclaney, (1998) revenue is an increase in wealth rising from trading in goods and services. Nigel et al (1988) noted that the better the service the operations can provide, the better will the potential to attract customer and therefore generate revenue. The balance between capacities also affects revenue and demand of goods and service therefore time ensures that all demand is satisfied and no revenue is lost in any organization. The government also assists local authorities by giving grants such as road levy funds; local authorities transfer fund and contribution in lieu of rates due to the growing demand on local authorities. As the argument for new and improved services increases for essential services like closet to the citizens. According to Wakhisi (1994), it was stated that the council should seal all loopholes to enable them become financially stable by intensifying their revenue collection to effectively provide the services required to both the workers and citizens at large. The availability, control and use of finance are at the core of any organization existence, and least local authorities, in their public service delivery role. There are growing demands on local authority funding, as the requirements for now and improved services increase local authorities current or day-to-day expenditure are financed from a range of revenues, payments for the provision of services (charges, rent on property, planning permission fees etc. ), commercial rates and central government grants. On the particular benefit is the comprehensive way in which it identifies the â€Å"funding gap† between the expenditure an authority should incur in delivering its services and the income it should derive from local sources Donughue. 2003). 1. 2Statement of the problem Performance of LAs varies widely. Some clearly are managing to improve service delivery and undertake new projects identified as priorities by citizens like road repairs, bridges, water supplies, drainage, market improvements, street lighting. Others are struggling with past debts, reducing their efforts to collect local revenues because of the easier money from LAT F, employing ever more staff, increasing councilor allowances, and opting for projects with little or no benefit to citizens. Revenues collected by county and municipal councils include site value, land rent, area development fund, house rent, markets fees, bus parks fees and business licenses. In almost all LAs, there is a huge gap between the formally approved budget and what actually happens. The forecasted revenues cannot be collected, so most LA’s run short of money. For example the County council of Makueni annual budget report, 1998/1999, 2002/2003, and 2008/2009 financial year indicated that there was a problem in revenue collection. The county treasurer expressed her concern on the cash flow problems the council is facing due to non-payment by debtors making it unable to service the escalating debts it owes its creditors. in the department of engineering and urban planning expected income was kshs. 2,733,086 and actual income was kshs. 1,036,726, the department of health and environment expected income was kshs. 1,036,729, the department of finance clerk the expected income was kshs. 9,297,777 and the actual income was kshs 1,252,000 and the department of social service the expected income was kshs. 60,834 and the actual income was kshs. 670,000 respectively source: (C. C. M Annual Position for the Financial Year 1998/1999, 2002/2003 and 2008/2009). This research tries to identify the factors that affect revenue collection management by local authorities in Kenya and commend on what to be done to be able to manage the aspect of revenue collection by local authorities in Kenya. 1. 3Objectives of the study 1. 3. 1 Main objective The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. . 3. 2Specific objectives (i)To investigate the effects of revenue collectors on `the management of revenue collection. (ii)To investigate tax default as a factor affecting revenue collection management in local authorities. iii)To investigate how leadership affects the management of revenue collection in local authorities. iv)To investigate the effects of political influence on the management of revenue collection in local authorities. 1. 4Research Questions i. How do revenue collectors affect the management of revenue collection in local authorities? ii. How does tax default affect the revenue collection management? iii. How does leadership affect the revenue collection management? iv. What effects does political influence have on the revenue collection management? 1. 5Significance of the study This study will equip the researcher with the knowledge and skills because during the course of the study the researcher will be exposed to so many challenges, which he will be curious of getting solutions about, and also it will widen the scope of his learning then at the end he will have fulfilled an academic requirement. Also it will benefit Makueni county management who understands the meaning behind revenue collection by local authorities and carefully examine its purpose and how to devote a great deal of attention to selecting strategies to manage the aspect of revenue collection which will help to satisfy the society’s needs and other stakeholders. Finally Kenya Methodist University will get reference study materials, which will be of great use to the students and the lecturers. And also after fulfilling an academic requirement the researcher will get a certificate, which will boost credibility of Kenya Methodist University to the public and world at large. You read "Collection of Revenue" in category "Essay examples" The study will benefit the following groups of stakeholders; 1. 5. 1 Employees The study will assist revenue collectors to know the importance of collecting all revenues with a high sense of duty, discipline and honesty pertaining to the services rendered. It will develop team work and collective responsibilities between the management, employees and the residents to develop Makueni district. . 5. 2 Management This work will assist the policy maker to adopt other strategies of enhancing revenue collection so as to reduce accumulation of debts outstanding. It will assist the management to avoid having poor budgetary control system where service department make commitment beyond the approved budget levels. It will assist the management to utilize properly all the revenue collected by giving the required services to the residents so as to motivate payments promptly. 1. 5. 3 The Public The study will create awareness among residents on the services provided, those to be provided by the management and the importance of paying for the services rather than evading payment. 1. 6Scope of the study The study will focus on investigating the management of revenue collection in Kenya. The target will be county council of Makueni. The respondent will include revenue collectors and the manager’s team who are revenue users and they will be met at their work station and their respective offices. The study will be carried out from March to June 2013. Questionnaire and interviews will be used to gather information. 1. 7Limitation of the study The main limitations of the study will be; 1. 7. 1 Top management Most of top management may not cooperate very much and there might be inadequate information from the staff. 1. 7. 2 Documentation There may be no enough documentation availed for scrutiny, the unveiled ones, may be confidential. 1. 7. 3 Security Most of the top offices in the city council are usually a no-go zone as they are mostly manned by the NCC security personnel. 1. 8Delimitation This research will be conducted within the following parameters: i. Only collection of revenue factors identified as relevant to this research will be considered for inclusion in the study. ii. Only Makueni County will be included in this research. Other counties in Kenya are excluded. iii. Results of this research will depend upon responses of the revenue collectors, manager’s team who are revenue users and inferential statistics data analysis outcome. 1. 9 Definitions of terms 1. 9. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the different fees and charges of the authority. They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for good management of revenue collection. 1. 9. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 1. 9. 3 Leadership The way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 1. 9. 4 Political Influence This is the influences that satisfy comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1Introduction This sectionhighlights literature so as to find out what other researchers have contributed, and the extent of their research regarding this field of management of revenue collection in local authorities. The main factors of consideration in this study are also reviewed to bring out a clear understanding of their effects in revenue collection management. 2. Theoretical review 2. 2. 1 Continuous change theory Shone L and Brown (1978) the advocates of the theory of change argued that, a theory of change is simple, step by step model describing the program inputs and the expected outcomes of your effort. Theory of change should be a useful tool – a lens that gives the management a sharp focus on the steps it needs to take, or a strong well placed lever that can help move just t he right mountain. This theory will force Makueni County to clarify their assumption about how change will happen in collection of revenue. A general statement of intention will not do this for it, because theories of change are not mission statement or broad visions. They are exact and somewhat exhaustive plan that show every step, however large or small. Theories of change should be specific, detailing advocacy actions Makueni County will take and the intended results. A detailed theory of change will give a credible, well drawn blueprint for advocacy work and a clear basis for evaluation of Makueni County much simpler. 2. 2. 2 Theory of planned behavior Theory of planned behavior of Adzen (1988) helps us to understand how we can change the behavior of people. It’s a theory that predicts behavior, because behavior can be planned. This theory is a successor of the similar â€Å"Theory of reasoned action† (1975) by the same author. Adzen argues that behavior appears to be 100% voluntary and under control. It argues that behavior of others greatly affect how people behave towards a product or company. This theory will help the people concerned with collection of revenue determine the behavior of the clientele and come up with ways of how to change their behavior, if its negative , and how to encourage a positive behavior. For instance with effective collection of revenue are likely to change the behavior of the way the local authorities manage the aspect of revenue collection. 2. 2. 3 System approach theory of management According to British researchers from the institute of human relations, Katz et al (1996) came up with the theory and viewed on organization as an open system. In this theory they had the following suggestions; first, that the main functions of an organization is to receive inputs or energy from the environments where inputs include material, people, information and finances. In this case local authorities receive revenue from the service users or the residents and other donors. Secondly the inputs received are then converted to outputs i. e. the revenues collected enables the provision of services required by these residents as shown here below. Environment inputConversion outputEnvironment Source: Cole (1999) Thirdly, that open systems discharge their output into their environments whereby services that are generated are then taken to the required environment to be used and then generate more revenues and profits, which are fed back into the organization to provide further inputs and the cycle continues. Lastly, one of the key features of open system is its independence on the environment. County council of Makueni as a system is interdependent with its environment for its existence and stability. Just like a human body the central nervous system and cardio-vascular system are the major sub-systems and the same applies to county council of Makueni that is divided into sub-system, i. e. the five departments, which are independent of one another and to the environment surrounding them. 2. 3 Empirical review 2. 3. 1 Effects of revenue collectors According to World Bank (2000) the local government revenue collection systems are often characterized by a huge number of revenue instruments. However, the main sources of ‘own revenues’ are usually property rates in urban councils, business licenses, market fees and various uses charges, often in the form of surcharges for services provided by or on behalf of the local government authority. Nevertheless, experiences from a number of African countries show that these revenue instruments have serious shortfalls. For instance, property taxes can be very costly to administer (Brosio 2000; McCluskey and Franzsen 2005), and the enforcement of user fees has resulted in widespread resistance to pay from the poorer segments of the urban population in some countries (Fjeldstad 2004; Fjeldstad et al 2005). Moreover, complex business licensing systems have proved to be major impediments for the start-up and expansion of especially micro and small enterprises (Devas and Kelly 2001; Sander 2003; Pimhidzai and Fox 2011). However, experience shows that when well administered, these revenue instruments can provide substantial and reliable Revenues for urban municipalities. 2. 3. 2Property tax Empirical studies by Serwanga, (1992) on revenue assignments between various levels of government generally argue that few fiscally significant taxes are more appropriate to local administration than property tax. This is due to the fact that real property is visible, immobile, and a clear indicator of one form of wealth. Hence, in principle, property tax is difficult to avoid and, if well administered, it can represent a non-distortional and highly efficient fiscal tool. Property tax as an annual tax on real property is levied in all countries in Africa (McCluskey and Franzsen 2005). Commonly it is a local government tax, levied mainly in urban areas . Rural properties are often not taxed, although property taxation is being extended to rural properties in some countries such as South Africa under the terms of the Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 (Franzsen 2007). Where differential rates apply, the tax rates for residential properties tend to be significantly lower than the rates for commercial, industrial, and government properties, where these are taxable. 2. 3. 3 Business licenses In Africa, the standard mechanisms for mobilizing revenues from businesses have been through licensing. Although the original intent was regulatory, local business licensing has increasingly become simply a revenue source in most places (Lubega, 2000). Typically, business licenses generate between 5% and 30% of local government own revenues in urban councils. In many countries, however, the system has been quite unsatisfactory, often quite inequitable, and has imposed huge costs on business, while generating relatively little money. According to Chitembo, (2009) the regulatory aspects of the license system have been largely abandoned. In addition, poor policy design and weak administration mean that license coverage; assessment, collection, and enforcement rates are low, leading to poor revenue generation. Thus, many existing business license systems across Africa contain serious defects. These include (Devas and Kelly 2001: 385): High compliance costs to businesses, due to multiple licensing and complex procedures; Tariff structures that are complicated and do not reflect ability to pay; A process loaded with ineffective regulatory requirements, which provide opportunities for rent seeking; Poor administration and evasion, which reduce the tax base and generate inequities; and a revenue source that generates relatively little income for local governments. 2. 3. 4 User fees – linking payment and service delivery Brun, Chambas and Fjeldstad, (2012) argue that taxes are not the best mechanism for matching demand and supply of public services. Better links can be achieved through cost-recovery charging systems, which tie the amount paid directly to the amount consumed. By providing a more direct link between citizens’ contributions and service delivery, such mechanisms may become effective means to recover the costs of service provision, and to promote efficiency in the consumption of the service. Hence, most observers argue that user fees should play a prominent role in local government finance (Bahl et al. 003: 76; Bird 2001). The main economic rationale for user charges is not to produce revenue, but to encourage the efficient use of resources within the public sector. When properly designed, user charges provide information to public sector suppliers on how much clients are willing to pay for particular services and by ensuring that the public sector supplies are valued by citizens. Free or subsidized services may result in over-consumption of such services. Moreover, it may prove difficult to target the beneficiaries of free services (Rondinelli et al. 000) Local government authorities commonly experience difficulties in collecting taxes, fees and charges (Bird. 1989). Thus, there are many experiments being carried out to find solutions to make tax collection more revenue productive (Allingham, and Sandmo, (1972). Practices for collection of local taxes range from cases where local government authorities collect the taxes themselves to cases where tax collection is outsourced to private agents, semi-private partners and the central government. Market cooperatives and private companies collecting tax on behalf of the local government are examples. Revenue collection is outsourced to a range of different types of agents within and across councils. A major challenge facing privatized revenue collection in local government authorities is to assess the revenue potential for various tax bases (Serwanga, (1992). Commonly, revenue assessment is conducted on an ad hoc basis, often based on the previous year’s reported collection. Substantial underestimation of the revenue potential may imply that actual collection by the agent is substantially higher than what is reflected in the contract. Consequently, there is a risk of ending up in a situation where the agent keeps the substantial portion of the revenues collected, which already seems to be the case in some council (Lubega, 2000). 2. 3. 5 Effect of tax default According to Bahl, Bird, (2008) taxes are widely perceived to be unfair. The citizens see few tangible benefits in return for the taxes they pay. This situation heightens taxpayers’ perceptions of exploitation from an unequal contract with government, and may promote tax resistance. Although most taxpayers are unable to assess the exact value of what they receive from the government in return for taxes paid, it can be argued that they have general impressions concerning their terms of trade with the government. In this context, it can be assumed that taxpayers’ behavior is influenced by their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the terms of trade with government. Thus, if the system of taxes is perceived to be unjust, tax default may be considered as an attempt by the taxpayers to adjust their terms of trade with the government. Chon and Reinikka (1999) argue that people engage in tax evasion when the expected benefits(low taxes) are equal to the expected costs(bribes and punishments)This tends to agree with Alongham and Sandmo(1992) who also suggested that a rational individual’s choice to evade will be based on the expected gains or losses associated with the decision. To further the argument, Bird (1989) asserts that defaulters in most developing countries can realistically assign expected value of zero to the likelihood of being detected and penalized; that the more severe the penalty, the less likely it is to be applied which showed a weakness in administration. Contrary to that view, Wentworth et al (1985) asserted that causes of tax defaulting are the exchange, social class and chances available for evasion . Evaders in that study reported that they were not getting value for their money, tax rates were too high and that government did not spend payer’s money wisely, that the burden of taxes fell on low income and salary earners. 2. 3. 6 Forms of tax evasion According to Mwenda (2009), tax evasion can take any of the following forms: Failure to report incomes profits or gains otherwise legally chargeable to tax; Reporting only part of the income gains or profits; Maintaining false books of accounts with intent to reduce taxes; Making false claims of expenses or allowances or deductions; Under declaration of goods for duty purposes and Outright smuggling to avoid payment of duties 2. 3. 7 Leadership One of the major issues in governance is demonstrated in the fact that citizens continue to demand the devolution of power and resources to local units (Chitembo, 2009). A close scrutiny of the management and performance of existing local authorities shows that most local authorities in Kenya are not only poorly managed, but are also close to financial insolvency. Whilethe central government in Kenya manages plans and develops policies in regard to the whole nation’s affairs, local authorities tend to have jurisdiction limited to the city, municipal, county or town councils (Economic Survey 2005). Naturally therefore, their level of action is quite limited as compared to the central government. In spite of the limits of their action, most local authorities act as the avenues for implementing decisions formed by central government at the local level; however, a review of press reports and accurate surveys undertaken within Kenya hasrevealed that there is disillusionment with the performance, management and competence of local authorities in providing the services that they are mandated to provide (Odhiambo, MitullahKichamu, 2005). It is clear that local authorities are not only failing to provide a satisfactory level of services but are also poorly managed and have departments that are among the most corrupt within the public sector in Kenya. A further indication of the growing dissatisfaction with the services provided by the existing local authorities is seen in the rise of residents associations which are prepared to resort either to court action or to campaigns aimed at withholding of the rates due to councils as a mechanism for compelling local authorities in Kenya to provide services on a regular basis (Odhiambo, MitullahKichamu, 2005). Against this background, it is important to make an assessment on the reasons for this all round poor performance of local authorities before appropriate proposals for reformsreforms and improvement are made. 2. 3. 8 Political Influence Performance of the local authorities in Kenya is not only affected by the lack of autonomy from the Ministry for Local Government. The prescribed manner of enlisting councilors and personnel is prone to abuse. Since the Local Government Act (Cap 265) allows for the appointment of councilors by the president, oftentimes such councilors are reluctant to submit to the authority of the managers in the local authorities. In situations where the councilors are elected, experiences of political party influence also arise. This difficulty is often reflected in councils in which the political divisions are so sharp that councilors are permanently preoccupied with gaining immediate political advantage over their opponents. In some cases, personnel are hired without the consideration of their ability to perform the tasks at hand. Councilors and executive committees of the local governments were initially engaged in power struggles, rather than focusing on their core functions in their first five years in office. This competition has prevented a focus on institutionalization and development. However, it is worth mentioning that, for the last several years, the â€Å"fever of competition† subsided mainly due to the increasing understanding of the councilors. Councilors should demonstrate a greater degree of responsibility and concurrently work towards a delivery of services, such as the improvement and construction of roads, often in partnership with local communities and some UN agencies (Economic Survey 2005). 2. 4 Research gap From the empirical literature review, it is clear that taxation by local governments is important for raising the required revenue for the local authorities. Management of revenue collection in most local authorities in Kenya has not been effective. Very little attempt has been made to improve on revenue collection. Planning the same has not been impressive either. In most cases the Audit department which acts as a watchdog of all financial management, specifically revenue collection in various collection centers suffer significantly from shortfall such as proper approach to audit work, lack of experience and planning techniques, lack of professional etiquette, reliance on manual systems and lack of training leading to poor revenue collection Audit which leaves some leakage for misappropriation. Interference from political leaders seriously hampers operations in revenue collection in their wards. There is need to assess the factors that affect the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. Revenue collectors need to use all the pieces of law at its disposal against all tax defaulters and ensure recovery even if it means use of courts of law. This is important given the fact that a lot of revenue is being lost through tax evasion and avoidance. Local governments have the mandate to raise their own revenues to finance their activities. However much as the government is said to have sovereign right to collect taxes, nobody likes paying taxes and yet everybody appreciates that taxes need to be paid. This drives some persons into the act of tax evasion. Tax defaulting has sound effects on the revenue collection by local authorities. At the same time, there is need to study the specific effects of tax collectors on the management of revenue collection by local governments. Very little research has been done to investigate the effects of leadership on the management collection in local authorities. There is also need to investigate the political influence effect on the management of revenue collection by local governments Revenues for the local authorities have persistently fallen short of targeted due to various challenges in revenue collection, tax evasion, poor leadership and political influence in the management of local authorities. Not much literature exists in this field. It is this reason that has prompted this research to try finding out the factors that affect the collection of revenues by local authorities hence filling the literature gap in factors affecting revenue collection by local governments in Kenya. . 5 Conceptual framework Figure 2. 1 Conceptual framework Independent variable Dependent variable Source: Author 2013 2. 5. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the different fees and charges of the authority. They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for goo d management of revenue collection. 2. 5. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 2. 5. 3 Leadership The way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 2. 5. 4 Political Influence This is the influence that satisfies comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. 2. 6Operationalization In this section the use of indicators that influence the successful outcome of revenue collection process will be identified and used to measure the variable against the parameters. The variables will be measured against the parameters and statistics. For local authorities to achieve its goals, collective goals setting between the manager and subordinate should be done. This research will establish whether performance management goals are achieved ensuring employee flexibility and acceptance of the goal set. It will further determine the level of employee empowerment and control against and control against the performance standards and targets as a parameter. The performance evaluation would be measured taking into consideration the time frame and feedback received. The reward system parameter would be analyzed top measure its impact on employee motivation and commitment. 2. 6. 1 Operational framework Figure 2. 2 Operational framework Dependent Independent Measurements SOURCE: AUTHOR 2013 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the research design, methods and procedures used by the researcher to carry out the study. The research design, target population, sample, design, data collection instruments and data analysis methods are explained in this chapter too. . 2 Research design This research will apply descriptive design. Descriptive design involves field survey where the researcher goes to the population of interest to ask certain issues about the problem under the study, Kothari (2000). The design is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists, with respect to variables or condition in a situation. The inference design uses the existing information available to gather data for analysis. Research design aims to gather data without any manipulation of the research context, where the researcher has got no control over the variable, Mugenda and Mugenda (1999). 3. 3 Target population The target population of the study in the county of makueni will comprise top managers, middle level managers, lower level managers, operational staffs and treasurers. The categories are represented in the table 3. 1 below. Table 3. 1 Table showing study population categoryTarget populationpercentage Top managers 105% Middle level managers2010% Lower level managers 3015% Operational staffs10050% Treasurers5025% Source; Author (2013) 3. 4 Sample design, procedure and size The researcher will use stratified random sampling design. The target population will be divided into subgroups and respondents picked randomly from the target population. A sample size of 200 respondents will be selected from the five population categories using a ratio of 0. 5 where a total of 100 respondents will be selected to achieve at least 50% of the target population. The sample of respondents from the target population will be as; 10 top managers, 20 middle level managers, 30 lower level managers, 100 operational staffs and 50 treasurers. This will make all the respondents in the target population to have equal chance of participating in the study. The participating respondents will then be picked randomly from each sub group and issued with questionnaires. The sample sizes are as shown in the table 3. 2 below. Table 3. 2 Table showing sample size CategoryTarget populationSample ratioSample size Top managers100. 55 Middle level managers200. 510 Lower level managers300. 515 Operational staffs1000. 550 Treasurers500. 525 Total2000. 5100 Source: Author (2013) 3. 5 Data collection instruments The researcher will use questionnaires with open and closed ended questions to collect the required data. This is because the questionnaires are easy to administer and gives qick, accurate statistics where a large number of respondents is used. 3. 6 Data analysis The researcher will use descriptive and quantitative data analysis to enable to describe the distribution of data. Frequency and percentage tables will be used to interpret the data and a presentation of the same will be made by use of pie charts and graphs. REFERENCES 1. Allingham, M. G. nd Sandmo, A (1972) Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical analysis, Journal of Tax and Public Economics. Vol. 1 No. 3/4pp. 41-57. 2. Bahl, R. Bird, R. (2008) Subnational Taxes in Developing Countries: The Way Forward. Public Budgeting Finance, Vol. 28(4), pp. 1-25. 3. Baskin, M. (2010) Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) as a Tool of Decentralized Development. Overview paper presented the 56th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, 10-19 Se ptember, Nairobi. 4. Bird, R. M (1989) the Administrative Dimension Of Tax Reforms In Developing Countries. In 5. Brun, J. -F. , Chambas, G. and Fjeldstad, O. -H. (2012) Local government taxation in Africa. Paper prepared for ICTD (draft). (Brighton: International Centre for Tax and Development). Chapter 2 (pp. 23-63) in Local government finance: the challenges of the 21st century. Second Global Report on Decentralization and Local Democracy. Barcelona: United Cities and Local Governments. 6. Chitembo, A. (2009) Fiscal Decentralisation: A ComparativePerspective. Civil Society Representatives Sitting on the Zambian National Constitutional Conference (NCC). Lusaka. . Dillinger, W. (1991) Urban Property Tax Reform: Guidelines and Recommendations. Urban Management Programme Tool (Washington D. C. : The World Bank). 8. Etzioni, (1986) Tax Evasion and Perceptions of Tax Fairness: A Research Note Journal of Applied Behavior Scient Vol. 2 No. 2 pp. 177-185. 9. Lubega, (2000),Income Tax Evasion In Uganda’s Informal Sectors , A Dissertation Submitted by M. A. At Makerere University, Kampala 10. Of Uganda’s Experience, 1970-1992: Thesis for M. A EPP: Faculty of Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala. 1. Serwanga, J. (1992). Government Tax Revenue Decline and Recovery: An empirical Analysis 12. Tax Reform In Developing Countries. Duke University Press, Durham and London pp. 315-330. 13. World Bank (2000) Entering the 21st Century. World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank). Yatta, F. and Vaillancourt, F. 2010. ‘Africa’. 14. Modern Local Government in Kenya,Nick G. Wanjohi, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) and Agency for Development Education Communication, Nairobi, 2003 How to cite Collection of Revenue, Essay examples

Employment Relations Fair Work Commission

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relationsfor Fair Work Commission. Answer: Introduction The Fair Work Commission (FWC) is a standout amongst the most popular national working environment relations tribunal arranged in Australia (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The FWC is one out of the free bodies that has the ability to pass on different processes. It is possessed with the joining of moral trust in the haggling method with the affiliations and generating convincing enterprise agreements. The managerial bodies work together with different affiliations, and there exists the incorporation of agreements. It is FWCs commitment to create important agreements that would be productive for both the social events (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The Commission is accountable for taking off major variations in the agreements. Additionally, the Commissions commitment also includes asserting the awaiting agreements. This composition would discourse on the unmistakable sorts of enterprise agreements and the specific expressions that will be fused into the agreement. It would determine the necessities of the required dealing process and the route towards attainment of support for enterprise agreements. The part played by Fair Work Commission in these areas would be analyzed comprehensively (Naughton, 2012). Discussion An agreement could be portrayed as the terms and conditions that describe the work among delegates and the organizations. Agreements are all around of two sorts, for example, "agreement based transitional instruments" and "enterprise agreements". The agreement based transitional instruments incorporate the aggregate agreements and separate agreements. These categories of agreements will combine the aggregate agreements, guaranteed agreements, work environment agreements and so on (Walpole, 2015). The enterprise agreements incorporate the varied categories of personages and what's more, aggregate agreements that happen to exhibit the working environment associations. These types of agreements take place via the strategy for aggregate bartering that is done in consistence with customary reasonableness. The enterprise agreements are completed by game-plan via the arrangement of enterprise dealing (Westacott, 2017). An enterprise infers a kind of commercial constituent that can get a han dle on or meander. As demanded by the Fair Work Commission, there can exist a collection of enterprise agreements. There are two courses, with the help of which the Commission underpins the enterprise agreements - both by an agreement conducted amongst the workforces and corporate, or they could be demanded by purging the frailty or precariousness. The trade might provide their enthusiasm for backing up the grouping by electing them (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The enterprise agreements could join a comprehensive gathering of affairs, for illustration, salary rates, trade situations (checking meal breaks, breaks and hours of work), counselling sections, go head to head concerning affirmation guidelines and the thought conveyed by means of the pays (asserted by the delegate). The enterprise agreements are arranged for furnishing insistence for smallest salary rates and furthermore original trade situations (Gahan and Pekarek, 2012). The Fair Work Commission can assess a few types of agreements. These may include multi-enterprise agreements, Greenfields agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The single enterprise agreements will cover the agreements that are arranged amongst one trade and workforces (who are exploited at the time of agreement plan). The individual administrators are customarily measured as united undertakings or the general scheme firms (MacDonald and Charlesworth, 2013). The multi-enterprise agreements fuse the agreement that is made amongst numerous associations and the agents (Creighton, 2012). The Greenfield agreements are set up in a relationship with another official part that is prepared in advance to the exertion of new staffs. The involved get-togethers of this kind of agreement fuse the trade and one or a couple of operative memberships, (let's say, exchange unions). One and all of these kinds of agreements are being verified, evaluated, reviewed and grasped by the Fair Work C ommission (Forsyth, 2015). The FWC shares in the accessibility of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the built up course of action of the state. The Commission emphases on the differing essential terms that have to be presented in the agreements. There are certain compulsory fragments that must be in attendance in the enterprise agreements. These join the evident expiration date, address payment system, flexibility term and consultation term. There are several terms that cannot be intertwined into the enterprise agreements. These expressions join the single term, closed term, the term recognized with avoidable refutation, present development game-plans, the right of zone ability and any expression classifying with State or Territory (Brodie, 2014). The Fair Work Commission partakes in the inspection of the enterprise agreements and tests if there exists any banned substances in it. The support of the agreements that comprise illicit matter is repudiated by the Commission (Fair Work Commission, 2 017). The Fair Work Commission takes a dynamic part of the status of the agreements. The Fair Work Act, 2009 provides versatile, immediate and sensible structure that aids the specialists and the associations with the target that they could oversee consistence with ordinary decorum (Fair Work Act 2009, 2017). The associations, specialists and the operative associations are included with the overseeing system via the enterprise agreements. The corporate must edify the workforces with yielding on their true side to be indicated by one of the overseeing agents at the time of the enterprise agreements (these must not exceed 14 days). The notice methodology must be provided to the current specialist that is joined into the enterprise agreement. The trade that may be fused into the Greenfield agreement must give complete communication to each out of the operator connection. The communication must as well unite the commencement date of the six-month trade. The haggling representative ought to put everything in order which may be picked by every one of the social events had with the enterprise agreements. This individual will address the get-togethers at the time of the negotiating method (Roles and O'Donnell, 2013). The Fair Work Commission is included with investigating and supporting the enterprise agreements. This is completed with the aid of two or three phases that ought to be straggled by the trade. The associations ought to pledge that there is seven days afore the way in the direction of balloting for the various agreement. The experts are being provided the agreement replica, and all the basic circumstances are solidified into the enterprise agreements. The corporate is supposed to provoke the specialists in regards to the location and stretch of the balloting strategy. It is besides essential to teach them about the polling technique employed. The business has a duty to make each practical progress so that the standings of the work agreement are fulfilled. The pros has a duty to be made aware of the standings and situations that must be specified sensibly. The operators are necessary to ensure the agreement by contributing in the polling methodology (Hardy, Howe Cooney, 2013). The Fair Work Commission has definite techniques for supporting the enterprise agreements. The submissions are being studied by Fair Work Commission that should be ended inside 14 days of the organizing of the agreement. The Fair Work Commission tests the request form and tests whether it has satisfied all of the norms or not. The agreement must be in accord of the authorities who are being solidified into the agreement. By the righteousness of the multi-enterprise agreements, the agreement is duty-bound to be corresponded by one and all of the links. In this framework, no personage is supposed to be challenged to oblige or constrained so that the agreements are being completed. The agreement must sustain the benchmarks of "Better Off Overall Test (BOOT)". The agreement is supposed to be devoid of prohibited expressions, which join terms regarding real pieces of attire or footwear outworkers (Heron and Charlesworth, 2012). There is a couple of debate which every now and again concern the utilization of an agreement. Each one of the agreements does contain an arrangement that plans with the debate assurance. The Fair Commission alludes to the question, and it grasps a mix of strategies to choose the given sureness (Fair Work Commission, 2017). They will modify each one of the probabilities coming in the strategy for the agreements. The people from the Commission may partake in the get-together and gathering of information in the arrangement of courses remembering the ultimate objective to check the capabilities. They can summon a man to go to the commission. They can welcome social events with the objective that they can have made or talked passages (Fair Work Commission, 2017). It may in like manner be necessary to provide report copies or provide other pertinent information to the Commission. The FWC has placed stringent basics that must be assured by the associations so that their agreement is demanded. There are constructive pre-bolster phases that must be taken by the associations so that the endorsing strategy is gotten. The trade is supposed to carry out all the practical strolls so that the agreement is bolstered by the FWC (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The standings of the agreement and essential brightening of the standings is supposed to be delivered on to the operators occupied in the connection. It is essential to light up the inconspicuous segments of the agreement with the experts. The indirect segments is supposed to be cultivated suitably. It is supposed to be all around revealed to all of the workforces of the connection having a place from the communally excellent underpinning or specialists who have enrolled newly in the structure. A large share of the workforces who may be protected by the agreement (projected) requests to state the same by hurling thei r polls for it. There are altered measures for the specific categories of agreement, to be specific, single-enterprise, Greenfields and multi-enterprise. On the off chance that the Fair Work Commission funds the agreement, then it would question a selection near to the upheld agreement. The basic agreements would be attached to it, and one replica will be sent to all the comprised parties (Grayson, 2016). Conclusion The Fair Work Commission is one of the best governmental groups that controls an effective measure of work. The associations and the operators are joined into a run of the mill relationship, which is controlled by the laws of the Fair Work Commission. The diverse sorts of agreements are talked about, for example, aggregate agreements, aggregate agreements, work environment agreements, admitted agreements. The enterprise agreements are broad of some matters to be specific pay rates, consultative fragments, question confirmation benchmarks and work conditions. There are for the most part different sorts of the agreement, for example, Greenfields agreements, multi-enterprise agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The FWC appreciates the game-plan of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the true blue game plan of the state. The agreements are arranged by bearing in mind a large measure of sections. The FWC shares over the span of activity of the model enterprise ag reements that justifies the right structure of the nation. There are a small number of phases that manage the guaranteeing technique of the agreements. The unmistakable types of the consideration are additionally examined. The firm statutes relating to bolster handle have besides been reviewed. References Brodie, D. (2014). Fair dealing and the world of work.Industrial Law Journal, dwu001. Creighton, B. (2012). International labour standards and collective bargaining under the Fair Work Act 2009.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective,9, 46. Fair Work Act 2009. (2017).Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C01108 Fair Work Commission | Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. (2017).Fair Work Commission. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/ Forsyth, A. (2015). Could Canadian-style interest arbitration work in Australia.Australian Business Law Review,43(2), 121-137. Gahan, P., Pekarek, A. (2012). The rise and rise of enterprise bargaining in Australia, 19912011.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,22(3), 195-222. Grayson, A. (2016). A how to guide to the Fair Work Commission.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 14. Hardy, T., Howe, J., Cooney, S. (2013). Less Energetic but More Enlightened: Exploring the Fair Work Ombudsman's Use of Litigation in Regulatory Enforcement.Sydney L. Rev.,35, 565. Heron, A., Charlesworth, S. (2012). Working time and managing care under Labor: whose flexibility?.Australian Bulletin of Labour,38(3), 214. MacDonald, F., Charlesworth, S. (2013). Equal pay under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): mainstreamed or marginalised.UNSWLJ,36, 563. Naughton, R. (2012). The role of Fair Work Australia in facilitating collective bargaining.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective, 1st edn. New York: Routledge, 68-89. Roles, C., O'Donnell, M. (2013). The Fair Work Act and worker voice in the Australian Public Service.Adel. L. Rev.,34, 93. Walpole, K. (2015). The Fair Work Act: Encouraging collective agreement-making but leaving collective bargaining to choice.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,25(3), 205-218. Westacott, J. (2017). Enterprise Bargaining On The Brink Of Failure. Bca.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure