From Servitude to Freedom in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay

From Servitude to Freedom in Jane Eyre  â Charlotte Bronte's epic, Jane Eyre, capably uncovers that Jane, the hero, has the characteristics of continuance, valor, and essentialness, yet she is rejected self-happiness by the limited society in which she lives. Not exclusively is this work a romantic tale, yet it is the story of a youthful stranded young lady and her battle for adoration and autonomy. Through the different conditions Bronte gives, Jane wavers among instruction and regulation and furthermore among opportunity and bondage. Starting at Gateshead, Jane has her first experience of regulation in managing the Reeds. John Reed unmitigatedly covers Jane's space by rewarding her like a slave, and Mrs. Reed subjugates her inside and out. Mrs. Reed treats Jane as a stepchild rather than a niece and regularly agrees with her kids regardless of whether Jane is correct. For instance, in the occurrence with John Reed, Jane is perusing a book about winged creatures and subtly needs to have the option to take off from the entirety of the awful things at Gateshead. At the point when John denounces Jane for perusing his books, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to the Red Room despite the fact that Jane didn't start the battle. The painful experience for Jane turns into a sort of control in which she should comply with her auntie and cousins, as a slave would comply with his lord. Jane feels then that she should oppose everybody, Bessie, Miss Abbot, her cousins, and particularly her auntie. She is encouraged by these equivalent indiv iduals to implore and apologize and is secured once more a scary room. Jane experiences another character, Mr. Lloyd, who endeavors to debase her by ridiculing her for crying. Her physical regulations, alongside her psychological ones, are going to her consistently and take her as far as possible. Jane manages numerous feelings she expense... ...rlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Corridor, 1990.  Jane Eyre. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. William Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996  Jane Eyre. Dir. Julian Aymes. Perf. Timothy Dalton, Zelah Clarke. 1983  Kadish, Doris. The Literature of Images: Narrative Landscape from Julie to Jane Eyre. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.  Linder, Cynthia A. Sentimental Imagery in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte. London: MacMillan, 1978.  McLaughlin, M.B. Past or Future Mindscapes: Pictures in Jane Eyre. Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972): 22-24.  Subsides, Joan D. â€Å"Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse in Dialog in the Narration of Jane Eyre.† Studies in the Novel. 23 no 2. (1991): 217-36. Zonana, Joyce. â€Å"The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre.† Signs. 18 no 3. (1993): 592-617

Coffee Shop Essay

The motivation behind this showcasing plan is to diagram the total advertising system, strategies, and projects for Dot. L Coffee (in the future, â€Å"Dot. L†). Spot. L is an authority Coffee Company that centers around strength espresso of Latte, espresso based items and nourishments too. Spot. L is another coffeehouse in the waterway side area. Spot. L will be known for more than 6 kinds of latte, espresso and espresso based items. What's more, light bites and sandwiches will be offered to go with the cappuccino and espresso based items. The bistro foundation will play present day music for climate and give free remote web access to benefactors to draw in experts in the close by business regions. The crucial Dot. L is in the vanity of the city, Dot. L can present to you the simplicity of a valuable. Dab. L will be not normal for different bistros in that it will acquaint clients with the various kinds of espresso and nourishments in a relaxation non pressure condition. Moreover, in a serious market like Starbuck, Dot. L wants to separate itself by connecting with those assorted variety kinds of latte without the significant expenses. The objective market comprises of two market sections: †¢ People who are profoundly infatuated latte and individuals who expectation make some loosening up memories †¢ Business individuals from the midtown business focuses and proficient structures Situation examination is investigated. This incorporates a general promoting condition examination for the organization just as increasingly explicit circumstance investigation, for example, contender and clients activity for the advertising examination. An assessment is led trailed by an activity plan sketching out how to accomplish the showcasing targets, which incorporates: advancement, value limits, an every other month bulletin, promoting in TV and quest for new channel organizations. Organization review and the Mission Statement Dot. L will be an unmistakable coffeehouse which have own attributes and culture that will serve the waterway side private locale. The café offers enhanced latte and other espresso items, light bites, nourishments and free wi-fi administration for client surfing on-line. The Dot. L essential spot of activity will be situated on the waterway side with decent perspective on Brisbane River. The business people in the place of business will add to the quantity of supporters and the condition their additionally can pull in purchaser to pick that place. There are plans to open extra areas following 3 years of activity. Spot. L will work from Monday to Sunday. Monday through Thursday, five representatives will be working from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. Friday and Saturday will work the equivalent; in any case, three representatives shutting will work until 12 a. m. The expense for each full time works may be 16 dollars for each hour and the expense for low maintenance works may be 9 dollars. The name of this bistro is Dot. L which implies L alludes to latte. In this way latte as organization center espresso items and latte craftsmanship can be found in Dot. L. [pic] As expressed in the company’s statement of purpose: Dot. L plans to be the bistro have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can present to you the simplicity of a valuable. Chapter by chapter guide Executive Summary2 Company outline and the Mission Statement3 Introduction6 Product Description6 Environmental Scan7 Economic environment7 Legal, political and administrative environment8 Social and social environment8 Technological environment9 Competitor9 Market research10 Customers12 Marketing destinations and Market tactics12 Marketing objectives12 Product12 Price13 Place13 Promotion14 Marketing Tactics15 Market forecasting16 Action plans17 Financials18 Control20 Conclusion21 Reference list:22 Appendix 124 Introduction This showcasing plan analyzes the means required to reposition Dot. L bistro in the Australian commercial center. Spot. L is a bistro brand will situate on waterway side in Brisbane. Speck. L offers an assortment of espresso, strength espresso of Latte, espresso based items and nourishments. What's more, so as to draw in customers latte craftsmanship likewise be received into the espresso items. Essentially the cost at the routinely espresso the cost won't more than four dollars. The bistro will concentrate on the businessmen and regularly clients. Dab. L in Australia utilize roughly 30 works incorporates boss, shop associate, businessperson, ranking director. The Dot. L brand name originates from its center items will offer in the bistro that expect to: 1. Draw in buyers 2. Fabricate brand 3. Exchange benefit accomplish around 8-10% The showcasing plan followed by examination the circumstance in commercial center, contenders investigation for the Dot. L section into the market. Besides, statistical surveying and clients examination will give to help the Dot. L to finds the market precisely. It additionally considers the market determining and financials for the three-year time frame. Item Description The Dot. L will offer numerous things that would have impeccable taste. From customary espresso to the light bites and nourishments, Dot. L will offer something conventional and unique for all preferences. Day by day latte specials will be offered, highlighting an alternate mix and flavor every day. The bistro claim to fame will want to European style plan. The six distinct lattes are incorporates: bistro au lait; ghetto latte or contraband lattes; hot or frosted latte forms of chai, matcha, and Royal milk tea; red latte; latte macchiato and Caffe latte. Latte and Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with costs going from $2. 00 to $5. 00. Flavors will be accessible at an extra charge of $0. 50. Coffee, cappuccino, mocha, and other claim to fame beverages will be accessible in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. Natural Scan. Monetary condition Robust business, purchaser certainty and high fare cost for crude materials have fuelled the economy for a long time. Australia has a solid economy with per capita total national output (GDP) of $ 38,000(CIA, 2009), and GDP was evaluated to be developing at 3. 8% yearly (CIA, 2009). Nonetheless, in 2008 with the effect of the worldwide monetary emergency, producing yield and work began to flounder, and the Australian economy headed into a serious log jam (Jackson, 2008). Indeed, even through, in 2010 the economy has started to turn to improve things, the consumers’ buy inclination isn't recuperate. As both circumstances and logical results, purchasers cut back on spending, explicitly on food, apparel, furniture, amusement, vehicles and cell phones (Uren, 2008). The financial conditions in Australia present chances and hazard for Dot. L. The decline in shopper spending will constrain bistro industry to look for master help to hold clients and look after deals. In the other hand, this will build the interest for pro help like Dot. L which can give specialists have plcae to discharge pressure. In any case, the truth of a downturn may make retailers cut back on all spending remembering for retail counseling and preparing administrations. Also a few retailers are probably going to leave business. Lawful, political and administrative condition Small business marking through naming and bundling definitively assembles organization and item acknowledgment. Situating the remarkable item through private name focused on the objective market brings about a powerful, minimal effort promoting technique. It is the answer for getting clients into the store and back over and over. In American, the administration distributes an authoritative update of a digital bistro limitation in 2006 (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2006). The China government additionally distributes similar limitations. Since the greater part of the bistro will offer the support of web, in this way, they should focus on propositions authoritative issue (Rodnin, 2005). Social and social condition According to Australian Coffee Traders Association, Annual General Meeting 2006 that brought up by and large talking, the Australian espresso showcase is serious however buyers are brand-faithful (ACTA, 2008). Australia is a nation of various workers, particularly pleased with a customary solid espresso culture began by European immigrants(AusFoodNews,2010). The solid espresso culture of Australia has impacted development in cafés, particularly among the more youthful age. Espresso drinking has become a basic piece of the advanced way of life. In Australia, the expert cafés have gotten something other than a spot to drink espresso. Progressively, cafés fill in as spots to meet for business and delight †an area for harmony and calm away from home and office. ACTA (2008) expressed that more than one billion cups of espresso are devoured in bistros, eateries and different outlets every year, this is an expansion of 65% throughout the most recent 10 years. The Coffee utilization of Australian per capita has multiplied in the course of the most recent 30 years (ACTA, 2008). As indicated by another report by Euromonitor International †â€Å"Consumer Foodservice in Australia†. (2004) the quantity of exchanges through coffeehouses developed by 7% and esteem deals developed by practically 29%. Mechanical condition Technological advances in Australia have brought about an expansion utilization of the web. This has brought about all industry venturing into another channel: offering administrations, showcasing and selling items over the web. For Dot. L, the bistro can exploit which is utilizing assistant as the company’s channel to advance the promoting. Contender. The notoriety of diversifying as a business opportunity in Australia has additionally significantly affected the quantity of chain authority cafés, for example, Gloria Jean’s, The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee which extended for the most part through diversifying (Market Research World, n. d. ). Euromonitor International’s examine shows that the Gloria Jean’s chain had the biggest increment in outlets in 2004, subsequently boosting its piece of the overall industry from 28% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Gloria Jean’s has just opened more than 900 shops the world over, and 407 stores are built up in Australia-wide. In this manner, Gloria Jeanâ

Welcome to International Womens Day 2017 at Book Riot

Welcome to International Womens Day 2017 at Book Riot International Women’s Day always feels timely; to say that this year it feels more timely than ever is to repeat ourselves from last year. And yet, women’s lives, rights, and livelihood are under serious and continued threat. Planned Parenthood, a mainstay of access for many women to basic and lifesaving healthcare, is facing serious plans to defund it. President Trump not only reinstated but expanded the “global gag rule,” which blocks US federal funding for non-governmental organizations that include abortion counseling or referrals, potentially costing worldwide health programs $9.5 billion dollars. His administration withdrew guidance to schools regarding transgender students’ right to use the bathroom matching their gender identity. To put this in perspective, there are no statistics for transgender persons harassing others in restrooms, while 12% of transgender youth reported being sexually assaulted in school settings in 2011. Globally, women earn 24% less than men, and at the current rate of progress (assuming we continue to make any), it will take till 2069 to close that gap. In literary news, the winners of the 2016 National Book Awards were all men, continuing the industry’s gender gap for rewarding authors’ work. A recent essay by Bonnie Nadzam reminded us that women are still routinely harassed and abused, both emotionally and physically, by acclaimed men in the publishing industry. This is, of course, just a reflection of a much broader problem: one in four women have been victims of severe violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime (and women with disabilities are even more likely to experience domestic violence than those without). Recently, a listener of the Get Booked podcast wrote in asking for books to help convince a male friend that feminism is still necessary. While we have many great books to recommend, I present the above paragraph as back-up. I present the Women’s March on Washington, which may have been the largest protest in US history. I present the Women’s Strike, in honor of which we are celebrating IWD a day late. And I present a few highlights of the past year, where we did actually see change. In pop culture, Hidden Figures brought us the story of the black women who made the space program possible. Roxane Gay was hired as Marvel’s first black female writer. There are a record number of women of color serving in Congress this year: 35 Democrats and three Republicans. To put that in perspective, there are 535 voting members of Congress, 104 (or 19%) of which are women. As of 2015, women were 49% of the global population. Feminism’s goal is to bring about the social, political, and econo mic equality of all genders. Until those numbers match up, until millions of women don’t feel compelled to take to the streets, until we’re not still “discovering” women’s contributions to history, until we’re done with “first”s and “only”s, until our opportunities and safety match those of our male peers, we need feminism. International Women’s Day celebrates the social, economic, cultural and political achievement of women, and this year’s theme is “Be Bold for Change.” So today on Book Riot, we’re delighted to present bold women writing about the things that are important to them. Heroines, fandom, body image, queer literature; the topics vary as widely as our writers’ tastes, personalities, and geographic locations. Read, get inspired, and join us in continuing to strive for the changes that will make our world truly equal. 1082 days ago To Reach The Farthest Sea Community03-09-17 Bae Suah muses on the process of discovering the heroines of her novels. 1082 days ago Double Erasure: Latin American Women Writers Carolina Ciucci03-09-17 On the struggles faced by Latin American women writers to have their work recognized. 1082 days ago 5 Books by Queer Women Ilana Masad03-09-17 Books by queer women for International Women's Day! 1082 days ago Books for the Jewish Feminist Jaime Herndon03-09-17 I am a feminist. Im also a Jew. A Jewish feminist. While Im not super-observant, I did go to religious ... 1082 days ago 5 Latin American Women Authors to Read Right Now Ines Bellina03-09-17 A short list of buzzed-about female authors from Latin America. 1082 days ago Welcome to International Womens Day 2017 at Book Riot Jenn Northington03-09-17 Why we're celebrating International Women's Day (and why we're celebrating it a day late) this year! 1082 days ago Must-Read Black Feminist Literature Christina Vortia03-09-17 Books about feminism by black authors to read ASAP! 1082 days ago Romance Without Feminism is No Longer an Option Jessica Pryde03-09-17 On the feminist nature of modern romance novels, with reading recommendations! 1082 days ago Flaunt Your Lady Love, Book Fetish Style Kelly Jensen03-09-17 28 pieces of lady writer/lady reader swag. 1082 days ago Feminist Middle Grade Books Karina Glaser03-09-17 The best middle grade feminist books for International Women's Day! 1082 days ago Madonna and the Madwoman: On the Women of Jose Rizals Classic Noli Me Tangere Angel Cruz03-09-17 This post on  Noli Me Tangere by Jose Rizal is part of our International Women’s Day celebration. See all the posts ... 1082 days ago 5 Women of Color Who Are Changing The World For The Better Community03-09-17 Keah Brown discusses five women of color who are making the world a better place through their creative work. 1082 days ago Fiction That Breaks Sexist and Racist Stereotypes Deya03-09-17 Fictional characters who are breaking harmful stereotypes about women. 1082 days ago On Writing as a Woman Priya Sridhar03-09-17 A consideration of the expectations placed on women writers. 1082 days ago 4 French Feminist Writers Celebrating Women Tara Cheesman03-09-17 Four books from French writers, all celebrating the life of women. Also In This Story Stream To Reach The Farthest Sea Double Erasure: Latin American Women Writers 5 Books by Queer Women Books for the Jewish Feminist 5 Latin American Women Authors to Read Right Now Must-Read Black Feminist Literature Romance Without Feminism is No Longer an Option Flaunt Your Lady Love, Book Fetish Style Feminist Middle Grade Books Madonna and the Madwoman: On the Women of Jose Rizals Classic Noli Me Tangere 5 Women of Color Who Are Changing The World For The Better Fiction That Breaks Sexist and Racist Stereotypes On Writing as a Woman 4 French Feminist Writers Celebrating Women View all international women's day 2017 posts--> Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

U.s. Obama s Foreign Policy - 1621 Words

The Obama Doctrine Obama was elected president in 2008 .WHen Obama was running for president many people did not know him. He was unknown to the general public. When Obama was elected many people were happy and wanted him to win because Obama promised to end war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Which he did during the end of his presidency he ended the Iraq war and also signed a nuclear deal with Iraq from obtaining nuclear weapons. He tended to keep away from foreign policy. Some of Obama s Major Foreign Policy accomplishments are:Ending the war in Iraq Killing of Osama Bin Laden ,Nuclear deal with Iran ,Paris Climate Change Agreement, Opening of relations with Cuba, Trans-Pacific Partnership. He also went to go visit Cuba during his last year†¦show more content†¦And both had to deal with Iraq War. But Bush s foreign policy changed after 9/11. The US became more cautious and there was many organizations created to prevent another 9/11 from happening such as: The Department of Homeland Security, Avi ation and Transportation Security Act(TSA), and almost 263 more.more than 130 pieces of 9/11-related legislation were introduced in the 107th Congress in the year after the attacks, with 48 bills and resolutions approved or signed into law. Along with the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, they included the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act, which required the State Department and Immigration to share visa and immigrant data with each other. Subsequent years brought the release of the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill, which gave educational funding to soldiers, and the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, providing $4.2 billion for the health of people who worked at Ground Zero during and after the attacks ( pbs.org).After 9/11 the US foreign policy has changed dramatically. Things became more strict in the US. And also anti-islamic violence was very prevalent after 9/11 a lot of mosques were vandalized and many muslims were bullied, some didn t get job s because of their names or lost their jobs. Obama is most dissimilar to Bush they are like apples to oranges. But both had to deal with Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. But Obama had

The Causes Of Decolonization After World War II - 979 Words

After World War II, there was uprising decolonization in many countries. Decolonization is the ‘’withdrawal from its former colonies of a colonial power’’ (OED). The factors that caused this transformation are colonial nationalism, politics, religious and ethnic movements and international pressure. During this time, the colonial powers were weakened, which brought opportunity for independence to many regions like French North Africa and India. Consequently, relationships between countries changed and they became opposed to colonialism. Therefore, many countries wanted to gain independence from colonies and empires and form new independent nations which lead to an end of the formal empire. Therefore, I argue that the reason for the†¦show more content†¦The people of Algeria are directed against colonialism and they wanted freedom from the French rule. They want to save their country and restore its liberty. They propose that the French authorities negotiate with them their right to self-determination. Their aim is restoration and independence of the Algerian state in accordance with the Islamic principles and respect of basic liberties regardless of race or religion (Battle of Algiers movie). France was not the only nation that wanted to expand and gain wealth. Many nations had the goal to be the most powerful country just like the Great Britain. The Great Britain wanted to control India because it was known as the Crown Jewel and it has many resources (Lec 11/15). Economically, Indians suffered because traditional industries died and workers were forced to make products for export to Britain. These products were mostly raw materials for British goods, which Indians had to buy. British runds india by company. came to India to trade and used all means available to them to dominate the country and exploited the wealth and riches of the country to feed their industrial revolution even at the cost of hurting the indian economy and industry. They did not even care during famine and lots of people lost their lives.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Decolonization727 Words   |  3 PagesDecolonization can be achieved by gaining independence, along with interaction of power also, it is a political process that causes violence in in a lot of circumstances and may sometimes be resolved by negotiating on peaceful terms. But can also lead to violent resistance and arm struggle by the native population. Eventually with World War coming to an end, it brought a revolution of decolonization in many countries. 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Collection of Revenue Free Essays

string(65) " of Kenya Methodist University to the public and world at large\." CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1. 1 Background of the study Local authority revenue is the money collected from provision of service and donation from individual and other organization. Every local authority globally has its type of revenue that it collects depending upon the environments surrounding it and the type of service it offers to its resident or citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Collection of Revenue or any similar topic only for you Order Now The availability control and use of finances are the core of any organization existence and not least local authorities, in them public services role,(Cola, 2002). Infrastructure, social and community services there is the part of and democratic system According to Wood et al (1988), revenue means the sales value of goods and service that have been supplied or sold to the customers. According to Mclaney, (1998) revenue is an increase in wealth rising from trading in goods and services. Nigel et al (1988) noted that the better the service the operations can provide, the better will the potential to attract customer and therefore generate revenue. The balance between capacities also affects revenue and demand of goods and service therefore time ensures that all demand is satisfied and no revenue is lost in any organization. The government also assists local authorities by giving grants such as road levy funds; local authorities transfer fund and contribution in lieu of rates due to the growing demand on local authorities. As the argument for new and improved services increases for essential services like closet to the citizens. According to Wakhisi (1994), it was stated that the council should seal all loopholes to enable them become financially stable by intensifying their revenue collection to effectively provide the services required to both the workers and citizens at large. The availability, control and use of finance are at the core of any organization existence, and least local authorities, in their public service delivery role. There are growing demands on local authority funding, as the requirements for now and improved services increase local authorities current or day-to-day expenditure are financed from a range of revenues, payments for the provision of services (charges, rent on property, planning permission fees etc. ), commercial rates and central government grants. On the particular benefit is the comprehensive way in which it identifies the â€Å"funding gap† between the expenditure an authority should incur in delivering its services and the income it should derive from local sources Donughue. 2003). 1. 2Statement of the problem Performance of LAs varies widely. Some clearly are managing to improve service delivery and undertake new projects identified as priorities by citizens like road repairs, bridges, water supplies, drainage, market improvements, street lighting. Others are struggling with past debts, reducing their efforts to collect local revenues because of the easier money from LAT F, employing ever more staff, increasing councilor allowances, and opting for projects with little or no benefit to citizens. Revenues collected by county and municipal councils include site value, land rent, area development fund, house rent, markets fees, bus parks fees and business licenses. In almost all LAs, there is a huge gap between the formally approved budget and what actually happens. The forecasted revenues cannot be collected, so most LA’s run short of money. For example the County council of Makueni annual budget report, 1998/1999, 2002/2003, and 2008/2009 financial year indicated that there was a problem in revenue collection. The county treasurer expressed her concern on the cash flow problems the council is facing due to non-payment by debtors making it unable to service the escalating debts it owes its creditors. in the department of engineering and urban planning expected income was kshs. 2,733,086 and actual income was kshs. 1,036,726, the department of health and environment expected income was kshs. 1,036,729, the department of finance clerk the expected income was kshs. 9,297,777 and the actual income was kshs 1,252,000 and the department of social service the expected income was kshs. 60,834 and the actual income was kshs. 670,000 respectively source: (C. C. M Annual Position for the Financial Year 1998/1999, 2002/2003 and 2008/2009). This research tries to identify the factors that affect revenue collection management by local authorities in Kenya and commend on what to be done to be able to manage the aspect of revenue collection by local authorities in Kenya. 1. 3Objectives of the study 1. 3. 1 Main objective The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. . 3. 2Specific objectives (i)To investigate the effects of revenue collectors on `the management of revenue collection. (ii)To investigate tax default as a factor affecting revenue collection management in local authorities. iii)To investigate how leadership affects the management of revenue collection in local authorities. iv)To investigate the effects of political influence on the management of revenue collection in local authorities. 1. 4Research Questions i. How do revenue collectors affect the management of revenue collection in local authorities? ii. How does tax default affect the revenue collection management? iii. How does leadership affect the revenue collection management? iv. What effects does political influence have on the revenue collection management? 1. 5Significance of the study This study will equip the researcher with the knowledge and skills because during the course of the study the researcher will be exposed to so many challenges, which he will be curious of getting solutions about, and also it will widen the scope of his learning then at the end he will have fulfilled an academic requirement. Also it will benefit Makueni county management who understands the meaning behind revenue collection by local authorities and carefully examine its purpose and how to devote a great deal of attention to selecting strategies to manage the aspect of revenue collection which will help to satisfy the society’s needs and other stakeholders. Finally Kenya Methodist University will get reference study materials, which will be of great use to the students and the lecturers. And also after fulfilling an academic requirement the researcher will get a certificate, which will boost credibility of Kenya Methodist University to the public and world at large. You read "Collection of Revenue" in category "Essay examples" The study will benefit the following groups of stakeholders; 1. 5. 1 Employees The study will assist revenue collectors to know the importance of collecting all revenues with a high sense of duty, discipline and honesty pertaining to the services rendered. It will develop team work and collective responsibilities between the management, employees and the residents to develop Makueni district. . 5. 2 Management This work will assist the policy maker to adopt other strategies of enhancing revenue collection so as to reduce accumulation of debts outstanding. It will assist the management to avoid having poor budgetary control system where service department make commitment beyond the approved budget levels. It will assist the management to utilize properly all the revenue collected by giving the required services to the residents so as to motivate payments promptly. 1. 5. 3 The Public The study will create awareness among residents on the services provided, those to be provided by the management and the importance of paying for the services rather than evading payment. 1. 6Scope of the study The study will focus on investigating the management of revenue collection in Kenya. The target will be county council of Makueni. The respondent will include revenue collectors and the manager’s team who are revenue users and they will be met at their work station and their respective offices. The study will be carried out from March to June 2013. Questionnaire and interviews will be used to gather information. 1. 7Limitation of the study The main limitations of the study will be; 1. 7. 1 Top management Most of top management may not cooperate very much and there might be inadequate information from the staff. 1. 7. 2 Documentation There may be no enough documentation availed for scrutiny, the unveiled ones, may be confidential. 1. 7. 3 Security Most of the top offices in the city council are usually a no-go zone as they are mostly manned by the NCC security personnel. 1. 8Delimitation This research will be conducted within the following parameters: i. Only collection of revenue factors identified as relevant to this research will be considered for inclusion in the study. ii. Only Makueni County will be included in this research. Other counties in Kenya are excluded. iii. Results of this research will depend upon responses of the revenue collectors, manager’s team who are revenue users and inferential statistics data analysis outcome. 1. 9 Definitions of terms 1. 9. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the different fees and charges of the authority. They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for good management of revenue collection. 1. 9. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 1. 9. 3 Leadership The way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 1. 9. 4 Political Influence This is the influences that satisfy comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1Introduction This sectionhighlights literature so as to find out what other researchers have contributed, and the extent of their research regarding this field of management of revenue collection in local authorities. The main factors of consideration in this study are also reviewed to bring out a clear understanding of their effects in revenue collection management. 2. Theoretical review 2. 2. 1 Continuous change theory Shone L and Brown (1978) the advocates of the theory of change argued that, a theory of change is simple, step by step model describing the program inputs and the expected outcomes of your effort. Theory of change should be a useful tool – a lens that gives the management a sharp focus on the steps it needs to take, or a strong well placed lever that can help move just t he right mountain. This theory will force Makueni County to clarify their assumption about how change will happen in collection of revenue. A general statement of intention will not do this for it, because theories of change are not mission statement or broad visions. They are exact and somewhat exhaustive plan that show every step, however large or small. Theories of change should be specific, detailing advocacy actions Makueni County will take and the intended results. A detailed theory of change will give a credible, well drawn blueprint for advocacy work and a clear basis for evaluation of Makueni County much simpler. 2. 2. 2 Theory of planned behavior Theory of planned behavior of Adzen (1988) helps us to understand how we can change the behavior of people. It’s a theory that predicts behavior, because behavior can be planned. This theory is a successor of the similar â€Å"Theory of reasoned action† (1975) by the same author. Adzen argues that behavior appears to be 100% voluntary and under control. It argues that behavior of others greatly affect how people behave towards a product or company. This theory will help the people concerned with collection of revenue determine the behavior of the clientele and come up with ways of how to change their behavior, if its negative , and how to encourage a positive behavior. For instance with effective collection of revenue are likely to change the behavior of the way the local authorities manage the aspect of revenue collection. 2. 2. 3 System approach theory of management According to British researchers from the institute of human relations, Katz et al (1996) came up with the theory and viewed on organization as an open system. In this theory they had the following suggestions; first, that the main functions of an organization is to receive inputs or energy from the environments where inputs include material, people, information and finances. In this case local authorities receive revenue from the service users or the residents and other donors. Secondly the inputs received are then converted to outputs i. e. the revenues collected enables the provision of services required by these residents as shown here below. Environment inputConversion outputEnvironment Source: Cole (1999) Thirdly, that open systems discharge their output into their environments whereby services that are generated are then taken to the required environment to be used and then generate more revenues and profits, which are fed back into the organization to provide further inputs and the cycle continues. Lastly, one of the key features of open system is its independence on the environment. County council of Makueni as a system is interdependent with its environment for its existence and stability. Just like a human body the central nervous system and cardio-vascular system are the major sub-systems and the same applies to county council of Makueni that is divided into sub-system, i. e. the five departments, which are independent of one another and to the environment surrounding them. 2. 3 Empirical review 2. 3. 1 Effects of revenue collectors According to World Bank (2000) the local government revenue collection systems are often characterized by a huge number of revenue instruments. However, the main sources of ‘own revenues’ are usually property rates in urban councils, business licenses, market fees and various uses charges, often in the form of surcharges for services provided by or on behalf of the local government authority. Nevertheless, experiences from a number of African countries show that these revenue instruments have serious shortfalls. For instance, property taxes can be very costly to administer (Brosio 2000; McCluskey and Franzsen 2005), and the enforcement of user fees has resulted in widespread resistance to pay from the poorer segments of the urban population in some countries (Fjeldstad 2004; Fjeldstad et al 2005). Moreover, complex business licensing systems have proved to be major impediments for the start-up and expansion of especially micro and small enterprises (Devas and Kelly 2001; Sander 2003; Pimhidzai and Fox 2011). However, experience shows that when well administered, these revenue instruments can provide substantial and reliable Revenues for urban municipalities. 2. 3. 2Property tax Empirical studies by Serwanga, (1992) on revenue assignments between various levels of government generally argue that few fiscally significant taxes are more appropriate to local administration than property tax. This is due to the fact that real property is visible, immobile, and a clear indicator of one form of wealth. Hence, in principle, property tax is difficult to avoid and, if well administered, it can represent a non-distortional and highly efficient fiscal tool. Property tax as an annual tax on real property is levied in all countries in Africa (McCluskey and Franzsen 2005). Commonly it is a local government tax, levied mainly in urban areas . Rural properties are often not taxed, although property taxation is being extended to rural properties in some countries such as South Africa under the terms of the Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 (Franzsen 2007). Where differential rates apply, the tax rates for residential properties tend to be significantly lower than the rates for commercial, industrial, and government properties, where these are taxable. 2. 3. 3 Business licenses In Africa, the standard mechanisms for mobilizing revenues from businesses have been through licensing. Although the original intent was regulatory, local business licensing has increasingly become simply a revenue source in most places (Lubega, 2000). Typically, business licenses generate between 5% and 30% of local government own revenues in urban councils. In many countries, however, the system has been quite unsatisfactory, often quite inequitable, and has imposed huge costs on business, while generating relatively little money. According to Chitembo, (2009) the regulatory aspects of the license system have been largely abandoned. In addition, poor policy design and weak administration mean that license coverage; assessment, collection, and enforcement rates are low, leading to poor revenue generation. Thus, many existing business license systems across Africa contain serious defects. These include (Devas and Kelly 2001: 385): High compliance costs to businesses, due to multiple licensing and complex procedures; Tariff structures that are complicated and do not reflect ability to pay; A process loaded with ineffective regulatory requirements, which provide opportunities for rent seeking; Poor administration and evasion, which reduce the tax base and generate inequities; and a revenue source that generates relatively little income for local governments. 2. 3. 4 User fees – linking payment and service delivery Brun, Chambas and Fjeldstad, (2012) argue that taxes are not the best mechanism for matching demand and supply of public services. Better links can be achieved through cost-recovery charging systems, which tie the amount paid directly to the amount consumed. By providing a more direct link between citizens’ contributions and service delivery, such mechanisms may become effective means to recover the costs of service provision, and to promote efficiency in the consumption of the service. Hence, most observers argue that user fees should play a prominent role in local government finance (Bahl et al. 003: 76; Bird 2001). The main economic rationale for user charges is not to produce revenue, but to encourage the efficient use of resources within the public sector. When properly designed, user charges provide information to public sector suppliers on how much clients are willing to pay for particular services and by ensuring that the public sector supplies are valued by citizens. Free or subsidized services may result in over-consumption of such services. Moreover, it may prove difficult to target the beneficiaries of free services (Rondinelli et al. 000) Local government authorities commonly experience difficulties in collecting taxes, fees and charges (Bird. 1989). Thus, there are many experiments being carried out to find solutions to make tax collection more revenue productive (Allingham, and Sandmo, (1972). Practices for collection of local taxes range from cases where local government authorities collect the taxes themselves to cases where tax collection is outsourced to private agents, semi-private partners and the central government. Market cooperatives and private companies collecting tax on behalf of the local government are examples. Revenue collection is outsourced to a range of different types of agents within and across councils. A major challenge facing privatized revenue collection in local government authorities is to assess the revenue potential for various tax bases (Serwanga, (1992). Commonly, revenue assessment is conducted on an ad hoc basis, often based on the previous year’s reported collection. Substantial underestimation of the revenue potential may imply that actual collection by the agent is substantially higher than what is reflected in the contract. Consequently, there is a risk of ending up in a situation where the agent keeps the substantial portion of the revenues collected, which already seems to be the case in some council (Lubega, 2000). 2. 3. 5 Effect of tax default According to Bahl, Bird, (2008) taxes are widely perceived to be unfair. The citizens see few tangible benefits in return for the taxes they pay. This situation heightens taxpayers’ perceptions of exploitation from an unequal contract with government, and may promote tax resistance. Although most taxpayers are unable to assess the exact value of what they receive from the government in return for taxes paid, it can be argued that they have general impressions concerning their terms of trade with the government. In this context, it can be assumed that taxpayers’ behavior is influenced by their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the terms of trade with government. Thus, if the system of taxes is perceived to be unjust, tax default may be considered as an attempt by the taxpayers to adjust their terms of trade with the government. Chon and Reinikka (1999) argue that people engage in tax evasion when the expected benefits(low taxes) are equal to the expected costs(bribes and punishments)This tends to agree with Alongham and Sandmo(1992) who also suggested that a rational individual’s choice to evade will be based on the expected gains or losses associated with the decision. To further the argument, Bird (1989) asserts that defaulters in most developing countries can realistically assign expected value of zero to the likelihood of being detected and penalized; that the more severe the penalty, the less likely it is to be applied which showed a weakness in administration. Contrary to that view, Wentworth et al (1985) asserted that causes of tax defaulting are the exchange, social class and chances available for evasion . Evaders in that study reported that they were not getting value for their money, tax rates were too high and that government did not spend payer’s money wisely, that the burden of taxes fell on low income and salary earners. 2. 3. 6 Forms of tax evasion According to Mwenda (2009), tax evasion can take any of the following forms: Failure to report incomes profits or gains otherwise legally chargeable to tax; Reporting only part of the income gains or profits; Maintaining false books of accounts with intent to reduce taxes; Making false claims of expenses or allowances or deductions; Under declaration of goods for duty purposes and Outright smuggling to avoid payment of duties 2. 3. 7 Leadership One of the major issues in governance is demonstrated in the fact that citizens continue to demand the devolution of power and resources to local units (Chitembo, 2009). A close scrutiny of the management and performance of existing local authorities shows that most local authorities in Kenya are not only poorly managed, but are also close to financial insolvency. Whilethe central government in Kenya manages plans and develops policies in regard to the whole nation’s affairs, local authorities tend to have jurisdiction limited to the city, municipal, county or town councils (Economic Survey 2005). Naturally therefore, their level of action is quite limited as compared to the central government. In spite of the limits of their action, most local authorities act as the avenues for implementing decisions formed by central government at the local level; however, a review of press reports and accurate surveys undertaken within Kenya hasrevealed that there is disillusionment with the performance, management and competence of local authorities in providing the services that they are mandated to provide (Odhiambo, MitullahKichamu, 2005). It is clear that local authorities are not only failing to provide a satisfactory level of services but are also poorly managed and have departments that are among the most corrupt within the public sector in Kenya. A further indication of the growing dissatisfaction with the services provided by the existing local authorities is seen in the rise of residents associations which are prepared to resort either to court action or to campaigns aimed at withholding of the rates due to councils as a mechanism for compelling local authorities in Kenya to provide services on a regular basis (Odhiambo, MitullahKichamu, 2005). Against this background, it is important to make an assessment on the reasons for this all round poor performance of local authorities before appropriate proposals for reformsreforms and improvement are made. 2. 3. 8 Political Influence Performance of the local authorities in Kenya is not only affected by the lack of autonomy from the Ministry for Local Government. The prescribed manner of enlisting councilors and personnel is prone to abuse. Since the Local Government Act (Cap 265) allows for the appointment of councilors by the president, oftentimes such councilors are reluctant to submit to the authority of the managers in the local authorities. In situations where the councilors are elected, experiences of political party influence also arise. This difficulty is often reflected in councils in which the political divisions are so sharp that councilors are permanently preoccupied with gaining immediate political advantage over their opponents. In some cases, personnel are hired without the consideration of their ability to perform the tasks at hand. Councilors and executive committees of the local governments were initially engaged in power struggles, rather than focusing on their core functions in their first five years in office. This competition has prevented a focus on institutionalization and development. However, it is worth mentioning that, for the last several years, the â€Å"fever of competition† subsided mainly due to the increasing understanding of the councilors. Councilors should demonstrate a greater degree of responsibility and concurrently work towards a delivery of services, such as the improvement and construction of roads, often in partnership with local communities and some UN agencies (Economic Survey 2005). 2. 4 Research gap From the empirical literature review, it is clear that taxation by local governments is important for raising the required revenue for the local authorities. Management of revenue collection in most local authorities in Kenya has not been effective. Very little attempt has been made to improve on revenue collection. Planning the same has not been impressive either. In most cases the Audit department which acts as a watchdog of all financial management, specifically revenue collection in various collection centers suffer significantly from shortfall such as proper approach to audit work, lack of experience and planning techniques, lack of professional etiquette, reliance on manual systems and lack of training leading to poor revenue collection Audit which leaves some leakage for misappropriation. Interference from political leaders seriously hampers operations in revenue collection in their wards. There is need to assess the factors that affect the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. Revenue collectors need to use all the pieces of law at its disposal against all tax defaulters and ensure recovery even if it means use of courts of law. This is important given the fact that a lot of revenue is being lost through tax evasion and avoidance. Local governments have the mandate to raise their own revenues to finance their activities. However much as the government is said to have sovereign right to collect taxes, nobody likes paying taxes and yet everybody appreciates that taxes need to be paid. This drives some persons into the act of tax evasion. Tax defaulting has sound effects on the revenue collection by local authorities. At the same time, there is need to study the specific effects of tax collectors on the management of revenue collection by local governments. Very little research has been done to investigate the effects of leadership on the management collection in local authorities. There is also need to investigate the political influence effect on the management of revenue collection by local governments Revenues for the local authorities have persistently fallen short of targeted due to various challenges in revenue collection, tax evasion, poor leadership and political influence in the management of local authorities. Not much literature exists in this field. It is this reason that has prompted this research to try finding out the factors that affect the collection of revenues by local authorities hence filling the literature gap in factors affecting revenue collection by local governments in Kenya. . 5 Conceptual framework Figure 2. 1 Conceptual framework Independent variable Dependent variable Source: Author 2013 2. 5. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the different fees and charges of the authority. They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for goo d management of revenue collection. 2. 5. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 2. 5. 3 Leadership The way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 2. 5. 4 Political Influence This is the influence that satisfies comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. 2. 6Operationalization In this section the use of indicators that influence the successful outcome of revenue collection process will be identified and used to measure the variable against the parameters. The variables will be measured against the parameters and statistics. For local authorities to achieve its goals, collective goals setting between the manager and subordinate should be done. This research will establish whether performance management goals are achieved ensuring employee flexibility and acceptance of the goal set. It will further determine the level of employee empowerment and control against and control against the performance standards and targets as a parameter. The performance evaluation would be measured taking into consideration the time frame and feedback received. The reward system parameter would be analyzed top measure its impact on employee motivation and commitment. 2. 6. 1 Operational framework Figure 2. 2 Operational framework Dependent Independent Measurements SOURCE: AUTHOR 2013 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the research design, methods and procedures used by the researcher to carry out the study. The research design, target population, sample, design, data collection instruments and data analysis methods are explained in this chapter too. . 2 Research design This research will apply descriptive design. Descriptive design involves field survey where the researcher goes to the population of interest to ask certain issues about the problem under the study, Kothari (2000). The design is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists, with respect to variables or condition in a situation. The inference design uses the existing information available to gather data for analysis. Research design aims to gather data without any manipulation of the research context, where the researcher has got no control over the variable, Mugenda and Mugenda (1999). 3. 3 Target population The target population of the study in the county of makueni will comprise top managers, middle level managers, lower level managers, operational staffs and treasurers. The categories are represented in the table 3. 1 below. Table 3. 1 Table showing study population categoryTarget populationpercentage Top managers 105% Middle level managers2010% Lower level managers 3015% Operational staffs10050% Treasurers5025% Source; Author (2013) 3. 4 Sample design, procedure and size The researcher will use stratified random sampling design. The target population will be divided into subgroups and respondents picked randomly from the target population. A sample size of 200 respondents will be selected from the five population categories using a ratio of 0. 5 where a total of 100 respondents will be selected to achieve at least 50% of the target population. The sample of respondents from the target population will be as; 10 top managers, 20 middle level managers, 30 lower level managers, 100 operational staffs and 50 treasurers. This will make all the respondents in the target population to have equal chance of participating in the study. The participating respondents will then be picked randomly from each sub group and issued with questionnaires. The sample sizes are as shown in the table 3. 2 below. Table 3. 2 Table showing sample size CategoryTarget populationSample ratioSample size Top managers100. 55 Middle level managers200. 510 Lower level managers300. 515 Operational staffs1000. 550 Treasurers500. 525 Total2000. 5100 Source: Author (2013) 3. 5 Data collection instruments The researcher will use questionnaires with open and closed ended questions to collect the required data. This is because the questionnaires are easy to administer and gives qick, accurate statistics where a large number of respondents is used. 3. 6 Data analysis The researcher will use descriptive and quantitative data analysis to enable to describe the distribution of data. Frequency and percentage tables will be used to interpret the data and a presentation of the same will be made by use of pie charts and graphs. REFERENCES 1. Allingham, M. G. nd Sandmo, A (1972) Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical analysis, Journal of Tax and Public Economics. Vol. 1 No. 3/4pp. 41-57. 2. Bahl, R. Bird, R. (2008) Subnational Taxes in Developing Countries: The Way Forward. Public Budgeting Finance, Vol. 28(4), pp. 1-25. 3. Baskin, M. (2010) Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) as a Tool of Decentralized Development. Overview paper presented the 56th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, 10-19 Se ptember, Nairobi. 4. Bird, R. M (1989) the Administrative Dimension Of Tax Reforms In Developing Countries. In 5. Brun, J. -F. , Chambas, G. and Fjeldstad, O. -H. (2012) Local government taxation in Africa. Paper prepared for ICTD (draft). (Brighton: International Centre for Tax and Development). Chapter 2 (pp. 23-63) in Local government finance: the challenges of the 21st century. Second Global Report on Decentralization and Local Democracy. Barcelona: United Cities and Local Governments. 6. Chitembo, A. (2009) Fiscal Decentralisation: A ComparativePerspective. Civil Society Representatives Sitting on the Zambian National Constitutional Conference (NCC). Lusaka. . Dillinger, W. (1991) Urban Property Tax Reform: Guidelines and Recommendations. Urban Management Programme Tool (Washington D. C. : The World Bank). 8. Etzioni, (1986) Tax Evasion and Perceptions of Tax Fairness: A Research Note Journal of Applied Behavior Scient Vol. 2 No. 2 pp. 177-185. 9. Lubega, (2000),Income Tax Evasion In Uganda’s Informal Sectors , A Dissertation Submitted by M. A. At Makerere University, Kampala 10. Of Uganda’s Experience, 1970-1992: Thesis for M. A EPP: Faculty of Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala. 1. Serwanga, J. (1992). Government Tax Revenue Decline and Recovery: An empirical Analysis 12. Tax Reform In Developing Countries. Duke University Press, Durham and London pp. 315-330. 13. World Bank (2000) Entering the 21st Century. World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank). Yatta, F. and Vaillancourt, F. 2010. ‘Africa’. 14. Modern Local Government in Kenya,Nick G. Wanjohi, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) and Agency for Development Education Communication, Nairobi, 2003 How to cite Collection of Revenue, Essay examples

Employment Relations Fair Work Commission

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relationsfor Fair Work Commission. Answer: Introduction The Fair Work Commission (FWC) is a standout amongst the most popular national working environment relations tribunal arranged in Australia (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The FWC is one out of the free bodies that has the ability to pass on different processes. It is possessed with the joining of moral trust in the haggling method with the affiliations and generating convincing enterprise agreements. The managerial bodies work together with different affiliations, and there exists the incorporation of agreements. It is FWCs commitment to create important agreements that would be productive for both the social events (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The Commission is accountable for taking off major variations in the agreements. Additionally, the Commissions commitment also includes asserting the awaiting agreements. This composition would discourse on the unmistakable sorts of enterprise agreements and the specific expressions that will be fused into the agreement. It would determine the necessities of the required dealing process and the route towards attainment of support for enterprise agreements. The part played by Fair Work Commission in these areas would be analyzed comprehensively (Naughton, 2012). Discussion An agreement could be portrayed as the terms and conditions that describe the work among delegates and the organizations. Agreements are all around of two sorts, for example, "agreement based transitional instruments" and "enterprise agreements". The agreement based transitional instruments incorporate the aggregate agreements and separate agreements. These categories of agreements will combine the aggregate agreements, guaranteed agreements, work environment agreements and so on (Walpole, 2015). The enterprise agreements incorporate the varied categories of personages and what's more, aggregate agreements that happen to exhibit the working environment associations. These types of agreements take place via the strategy for aggregate bartering that is done in consistence with customary reasonableness. The enterprise agreements are completed by game-plan via the arrangement of enterprise dealing (Westacott, 2017). An enterprise infers a kind of commercial constituent that can get a han dle on or meander. As demanded by the Fair Work Commission, there can exist a collection of enterprise agreements. There are two courses, with the help of which the Commission underpins the enterprise agreements - both by an agreement conducted amongst the workforces and corporate, or they could be demanded by purging the frailty or precariousness. The trade might provide their enthusiasm for backing up the grouping by electing them (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The enterprise agreements could join a comprehensive gathering of affairs, for illustration, salary rates, trade situations (checking meal breaks, breaks and hours of work), counselling sections, go head to head concerning affirmation guidelines and the thought conveyed by means of the pays (asserted by the delegate). The enterprise agreements are arranged for furnishing insistence for smallest salary rates and furthermore original trade situations (Gahan and Pekarek, 2012). The Fair Work Commission can assess a few types of agreements. These may include multi-enterprise agreements, Greenfields agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The single enterprise agreements will cover the agreements that are arranged amongst one trade and workforces (who are exploited at the time of agreement plan). The individual administrators are customarily measured as united undertakings or the general scheme firms (MacDonald and Charlesworth, 2013). The multi-enterprise agreements fuse the agreement that is made amongst numerous associations and the agents (Creighton, 2012). The Greenfield agreements are set up in a relationship with another official part that is prepared in advance to the exertion of new staffs. The involved get-togethers of this kind of agreement fuse the trade and one or a couple of operative memberships, (let's say, exchange unions). One and all of these kinds of agreements are being verified, evaluated, reviewed and grasped by the Fair Work C ommission (Forsyth, 2015). The FWC shares in the accessibility of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the built up course of action of the state. The Commission emphases on the differing essential terms that have to be presented in the agreements. There are certain compulsory fragments that must be in attendance in the enterprise agreements. These join the evident expiration date, address payment system, flexibility term and consultation term. There are several terms that cannot be intertwined into the enterprise agreements. These expressions join the single term, closed term, the term recognized with avoidable refutation, present development game-plans, the right of zone ability and any expression classifying with State or Territory (Brodie, 2014). The Fair Work Commission partakes in the inspection of the enterprise agreements and tests if there exists any banned substances in it. The support of the agreements that comprise illicit matter is repudiated by the Commission (Fair Work Commission, 2 017). The Fair Work Commission takes a dynamic part of the status of the agreements. The Fair Work Act, 2009 provides versatile, immediate and sensible structure that aids the specialists and the associations with the target that they could oversee consistence with ordinary decorum (Fair Work Act 2009, 2017). The associations, specialists and the operative associations are included with the overseeing system via the enterprise agreements. The corporate must edify the workforces with yielding on their true side to be indicated by one of the overseeing agents at the time of the enterprise agreements (these must not exceed 14 days). The notice methodology must be provided to the current specialist that is joined into the enterprise agreement. The trade that may be fused into the Greenfield agreement must give complete communication to each out of the operator connection. The communication must as well unite the commencement date of the six-month trade. The haggling representative ought to put everything in order which may be picked by every one of the social events had with the enterprise agreements. This individual will address the get-togethers at the time of the negotiating method (Roles and O'Donnell, 2013). The Fair Work Commission is included with investigating and supporting the enterprise agreements. This is completed with the aid of two or three phases that ought to be straggled by the trade. The associations ought to pledge that there is seven days afore the way in the direction of balloting for the various agreement. The experts are being provided the agreement replica, and all the basic circumstances are solidified into the enterprise agreements. The corporate is supposed to provoke the specialists in regards to the location and stretch of the balloting strategy. It is besides essential to teach them about the polling technique employed. The business has a duty to make each practical progress so that the standings of the work agreement are fulfilled. The pros has a duty to be made aware of the standings and situations that must be specified sensibly. The operators are necessary to ensure the agreement by contributing in the polling methodology (Hardy, Howe Cooney, 2013). The Fair Work Commission has definite techniques for supporting the enterprise agreements. The submissions are being studied by Fair Work Commission that should be ended inside 14 days of the organizing of the agreement. The Fair Work Commission tests the request form and tests whether it has satisfied all of the norms or not. The agreement must be in accord of the authorities who are being solidified into the agreement. By the righteousness of the multi-enterprise agreements, the agreement is duty-bound to be corresponded by one and all of the links. In this framework, no personage is supposed to be challenged to oblige or constrained so that the agreements are being completed. The agreement must sustain the benchmarks of "Better Off Overall Test (BOOT)". The agreement is supposed to be devoid of prohibited expressions, which join terms regarding real pieces of attire or footwear outworkers (Heron and Charlesworth, 2012). There is a couple of debate which every now and again concern the utilization of an agreement. Each one of the agreements does contain an arrangement that plans with the debate assurance. The Fair Commission alludes to the question, and it grasps a mix of strategies to choose the given sureness (Fair Work Commission, 2017). They will modify each one of the probabilities coming in the strategy for the agreements. The people from the Commission may partake in the get-together and gathering of information in the arrangement of courses remembering the ultimate objective to check the capabilities. They can summon a man to go to the commission. They can welcome social events with the objective that they can have made or talked passages (Fair Work Commission, 2017). It may in like manner be necessary to provide report copies or provide other pertinent information to the Commission. The FWC has placed stringent basics that must be assured by the associations so that their agreement is demanded. There are constructive pre-bolster phases that must be taken by the associations so that the endorsing strategy is gotten. The trade is supposed to carry out all the practical strolls so that the agreement is bolstered by the FWC (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The standings of the agreement and essential brightening of the standings is supposed to be delivered on to the operators occupied in the connection. It is essential to light up the inconspicuous segments of the agreement with the experts. The indirect segments is supposed to be cultivated suitably. It is supposed to be all around revealed to all of the workforces of the connection having a place from the communally excellent underpinning or specialists who have enrolled newly in the structure. A large share of the workforces who may be protected by the agreement (projected) requests to state the same by hurling thei r polls for it. There are altered measures for the specific categories of agreement, to be specific, single-enterprise, Greenfields and multi-enterprise. On the off chance that the Fair Work Commission funds the agreement, then it would question a selection near to the upheld agreement. The basic agreements would be attached to it, and one replica will be sent to all the comprised parties (Grayson, 2016). Conclusion The Fair Work Commission is one of the best governmental groups that controls an effective measure of work. The associations and the operators are joined into a run of the mill relationship, which is controlled by the laws of the Fair Work Commission. The diverse sorts of agreements are talked about, for example, aggregate agreements, aggregate agreements, work environment agreements, admitted agreements. The enterprise agreements are broad of some matters to be specific pay rates, consultative fragments, question confirmation benchmarks and work conditions. There are for the most part different sorts of the agreement, for example, Greenfields agreements, multi-enterprise agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The FWC appreciates the game-plan of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the true blue game plan of the state. The agreements are arranged by bearing in mind a large measure of sections. The FWC shares over the span of activity of the model enterprise ag reements that justifies the right structure of the nation. There are a small number of phases that manage the guaranteeing technique of the agreements. The unmistakable types of the consideration are additionally examined. The firm statutes relating to bolster handle have besides been reviewed. References Brodie, D. (2014). Fair dealing and the world of work.Industrial Law Journal, dwu001. Creighton, B. (2012). International labour standards and collective bargaining under the Fair Work Act 2009.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective,9, 46. Fair Work Act 2009. (2017).Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C01108 Fair Work Commission | Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. (2017).Fair Work Commission. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/ Forsyth, A. (2015). Could Canadian-style interest arbitration work in Australia.Australian Business Law Review,43(2), 121-137. Gahan, P., Pekarek, A. (2012). The rise and rise of enterprise bargaining in Australia, 19912011.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,22(3), 195-222. Grayson, A. (2016). A how to guide to the Fair Work Commission.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 14. Hardy, T., Howe, J., Cooney, S. (2013). Less Energetic but More Enlightened: Exploring the Fair Work Ombudsman's Use of Litigation in Regulatory Enforcement.Sydney L. Rev.,35, 565. Heron, A., Charlesworth, S. (2012). Working time and managing care under Labor: whose flexibility?.Australian Bulletin of Labour,38(3), 214. MacDonald, F., Charlesworth, S. (2013). Equal pay under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): mainstreamed or marginalised.UNSWLJ,36, 563. Naughton, R. (2012). The role of Fair Work Australia in facilitating collective bargaining.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective, 1st edn. New York: Routledge, 68-89. Roles, C., O'Donnell, M. (2013). The Fair Work Act and worker voice in the Australian Public Service.Adel. L. Rev.,34, 93. Walpole, K. (2015). The Fair Work Act: Encouraging collective agreement-making but leaving collective bargaining to choice.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,25(3), 205-218. Westacott, J. (2017). Enterprise Bargaining On The Brink Of Failure. Bca.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure

Troubles With My Friend Essay Example For Students

Troubles With My Friend Essay I was walking straight to my apartment. After a long day all I was hoping to do was to have something to eat, take a long relaxing bath and have some rest. I opened my bag and I looked for my keys then I heard a tremendous sound coming inside my place. I hesitated to open the door and when I did my heart almost stopped. My best friend steph who was my roommate for about 2 years decided to have a party, but she didn’t even bother to ask me. She was totally drunk and she passed out in the middle of our living room. Everything was a complete disaster. They were about 30 or more people inside our small apartment. We will write a custom essay on Troubles With My Friend specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I was totally mad and I wanted to scream. I woke my friend and I told her I’m so done with you†. Steph was a really good friend after all. We meet since freshman year and since then we became inseparable. When her mother died I convinced her to get an apartment just for us, since she had no family in El Paso. Everything had worked really well the first year. She was an incredible student and she even received a scholarship to play soccer at UTEP. Steph had a great job as a secretary that allowed her to pay half of the bills in order for us to have everything under control. She was a great help inside the house. Her room was always organized and she would help me with the domestic duties. In that moment I couldn’t think of anyone else that could do it better than her. She was a responsible and independent woman and I actually was really proud of her. She seemed happy full of dreams that she proposed to accomplish for herself, but everything changed after she meet Alfredo. He was the type of guy no lady wants to be around. Stephs mother took 9 months to build her heart inside her stomag and this guy found a way to destroyed it in less than weeks. She went throw a tough time and I lost her. She start it to drink every weekend, she lost her scholarship and quit her job. I tried my best to support her and I did gave her good advises but she refused to listen. I gave her time for her to recover and tried to put everything under control. I was struggling because had to pay all the bills and also I had to deal with the worst version of her. She wouldn’t help me with the domestic duties. The apartment was always nasty, she had all day for her to clean it but god knows in what things she spends her time on. Every time that I asked her if she wanted to go job hunting, she would came up with excuses. I tried to understand and let her stay since she had no one but me, but after 6 months of her being unemployed and still having a lazy attitude, random parties inside our place, and with no help paying the bills I had to find a way to have a win win situation. I just couldn’t kick my best friend out the house. If she didn’t listen to me I was going to show her. I gave her a bag that contained a DVD that I made especially for her. She was so excited and she didn’t even think twice for her to press the play button. As soon as the movie began a lot of flashback pictures of us appeared. I also added pictures of steph and her mom. Her emotions start it to appear and I could see tears running down her eyes. At the end of the movie it was a short clip of me explaining how much I loved her and how much I had struggled because of her attitude. I even added pictures of the unpaid bills, the dirtiness of our apartment, and the bags under my eyes as the effects of her random parties. As soon as the movie ended she hugged me so hard and cried. .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .postImageUrl , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:hover , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:visited , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:active { border:0!important; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:active , .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u848bec1452cf4ca29f75bcf562f4265b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor EssayI didn’t even know what to say, I was hoping she could understand me. She said she was sorry for her being selfish and that she knew I was going to be always by her side. The next day she went job hunting all day. Everything start it to change she quit having parties in our place and fix all the bad habits she had in the past. I felt so relieve and happy that my old friend was back. I’m glad I found a solution for the difficulties we went through these past months. I understand that our friendship is stronger that anything and I know her mom will be very proud of her just like me.

Why People Commit Crime Essays

Why People Commit Crime Essays Why People Commit Crime Paper Why People Commit Crime Paper Question 3: People committed crime because of many reasons. From your own point of view, give three (3) reasons why people commit crimes? A crime is an illegal action or activity for which a person can be punished by law. Some people define crime as an act of offence towards the morality of humans. Others might regard crime as an act that harms the universal human rights. Therefore, why do people still commit crimes? There are many reasons why people commit crimes. Some crimes were committed because of hunger, need money, hatred and anger. Meanwhile, the example of crime is robbed, kidnap, burglary, steal and other. The most serious crime is killing another person although their beloved one or their family. Crime is not known about the love and sympathy towards the victim. The first reason is people commit crimes because of their hunger. They steal the food from stall and also from market to fulfill their stomach. This is because they don’t have enough money to buy it. And also the price of food is expensive. For example, the price for one piece of chicken is RM2. 50. The price had burden for certain people. So, they commit to do crimes as their stomach full and not hunger again. Usually, a poor parents steal the food for their children to make them silent crying from hunger. Move on to the next point, the other reason why people commit crimes because of the money. All people need money for survive their life. Nowadays, people just only see who only had money and they will ignore about the people that under privileged. Otherwise, people need money because they want to pay the debt. Also they need in fast time and don’t know where to get it. So, they will rob at the bank and the luxurious house. Sometimes, it can be a serious crime when they kill the owner of a house or the employee at the bank. They do not care about the victim as they get the money. Moreover, the drugs addict that kill their blood family for buy drug. Last but not least, people commit crimes because of their anger and hatred. It also can be called as their selfish reason. This happen when the one person doing something out of control to other person. For example, the current issues at school like bullying. So, the bullying victim will revenge to the person that had bullying him/her. This may make serious crime like killing someone or beat their organ until paralyzed for the rest of life. As a conclusion, people commit crime because of their self. They need to control their emotion and know what they do is a wrong way and not good for their next generation. In addition, it gives bad influence and the crimes cannot be banned again. So, the government must play their best role to give the punishment to the criminal like a death penalty for the drugs addict and serious crimes. The reason why people commit crime because of their hunger, need money, anger and hatred can be solve if each of people give the best commitment and not to selfish. (505 words)

Case 6-1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case 6-1 - Coursework Example ce of bank loans by the branch manager, the internal auditor, and perhaps the state regulatory authorities, should make sure that authorization does not extend to recording and documentation or custody of funds. These should be performed by different employees or officers. The auditors will make sure that the branch manager, being the head of the office, does not override the internal control system in order to commit fraud. It will also ensure that the branch manager does not exceed his authorized limit of loans he can extend without head office or committee approval. The branch manager had physical custody of the checks, or had complete, unchallenged access to them, relating to the transactions he had authorized (the release of the loans). He signed the checks (custodial function) in addition to authorizing the loans. The discharge of these two duties by the same person made it possible for the fraud to happen: This was obviously a violation of the principle of segregation of duties within the internal control system. Moreover, the power of the branch manager over hiring and firing, as well as evaluating performance and promoting the employees, also served as a deterrent to the employees to question anything that the branch manager would want to do. In other words, the branch manager, being the top supervisor who was ipso facto not directly accountable to anyone at the bank branch, had absolute control over what took place in his branch relative to any loan or financial transactions. The trust reposed by subordinates on their superior officer is an obstacle to the disciplined application of any management control system, hence there is a need for an independent audit at certain intervals. The internal auditor should make not only regular audits but also surprise audits on the branch and examine all transactions, check and reconcile all records, and interview the employees on the processes and procedures they actually followed in carrying out their

AFA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA - Essay Example This apartheid regime passed the 1962 Sabotage Act in response to the constitution of militant units and increase in sabotage. According to Kithinji, the Act gave the justice ministry immense powers such that it could silence political activism and further condemn â€Å"communist agitators† to house arrest (240). Indeed, apartheid had devastating effects on the social lives of the people. This was further aggravated by the suppression of the opposition early in the 1960s as propagated by the apartheid rule. The 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Bill passed by the parliament allowed homelands to be completely independent states. This â€Å"independence† to the Bantustans was used by the apartheid regime to develop national consciousness in the groups it created as observed by Kithinji (241). The rights of the Africans continued to be held in the hands of the apartheid which maintained social control and propagated destruction. The banning of all forbidden organizations including the ANC, the Pan-African Congress and the South Africa Communist Party among others on 2 February 1990 was an indication of the readiness for national negotiations on the adoption of new political order according to Kithinji (245). A few resultant crises caused the regime to collapse. This included the prolonged socio-political instability which destabilized the economy and created structural weaknesses. This became apparent with the military involvement of South Africa in Angola in support of Jonas Savimbi’s rebel National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, UNITA which was in the fight to oust the leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA government (Kithinji 244). Kithinji, Michael Mwenda. â€Å"Apartheid in South Africa.† (Re) Tracing Africa: A Multi-Disciplinary Study of African History, Societies, and Cultures. Eds. Salome

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health General The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization. For a very long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources of drugs [1].The use of complementary medicine to alleviate and improve health conditions is increasing in developed countries [2]. New medicinal plants from different parts of the world are being investigated with this purpose in mind [3]. Although the utilization of botanicals has increased in the western world, there is a lack of information about mechanisms of action and potential differences among species within the same genus [4]. Now-a-days, several plants have been identified for their anticancer and anti-inflammatory compounds. Scientific experiments on the anticancer properties of plants and their components have been detected. Herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional methods practiced such as ayurveda, unani and siddha. However no systematic studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the formulations from the plant were undertaken. Also no attempts were made to isolate and identify the active principles involved in these effects [5]. As an evolutionary response plants were obliged to produce and store a wide range of organic molecules. These substances are usually termed as secondary metabolites (SM). Some of these compounds are involved in the survival of the plants as a defense mechanism against natural enemies. Many SM could actively interact with targets in the human body inducing a bioactivity of interest [6]. The bioactive compounds of medicinal plants are used as anti-diabetic, chemotherapeutic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agents where no satisfactory cure is present in modern medicines. The use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to antiquity because they contain components of therapeutic value [7]. Medicinal plants are cheaper and more accessible to most of the population in the world. The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate various therapeutic uses of medicinal plants [8]. Therefore, the quest for plants with medicinal properties continues to receive attention as scientists are in need of plants, particularly of ethno botanical significance for a complete range of biological activities, which ranges from antibiotic to anti-cancerous [9]. Bangladesh features a sub-tropical climate and low-lying landmass largely adjacent to extensive river deltas. The country comprises very fertile soils and is home to some rare ecosystems such as the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Given the fertile plains and high population density, the indigenous vegetation has mostly given way to cropland and extensive cultivation. Today, almost 60% of the landmass is used for farming, which is a global maximum value. However, originally large parts of Bangladesh featured tropical forests and marshy jungle with highly bio-diverse flora being also an excellent source for medicinal plants. The Bangladeshi traditional medicine is a unique conglomerate of different ethnomedical influences. Due to the geographic location and sociocultural characteristics of the country, it involves traditionally rooted elements influenced by local indigenous people and close-by Indian Ayurveda and Unani medicine [10, 11]. Given its inexpensive, easily accessible and well-established health services, the use of traditional medicine is an integral part of public health services in Bangladesh with its providers being deeply embedded within the local community [12-14]. Recent data suggest that the utilization of traditional medicine health services in Bangladesh is widespread [15] and plays a crucial role in providing health care for poor people, people in rural areas and for tribal people [16]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plants The anti-oxidative activity has been confirmed contributing kinds of cancer and inflammatory preventions for its multiple functional roles. The production of oxidants is a typical event associated with aerobic metabolism. When oxygen is supplied in excess or its reduction is insufficient, reactive oxygen species or free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are generated [17]. Accumulation of the free radicals in body organs or tissues can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules and membranes of cell, eventually leading to many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory, cancer, diabetes, aging, cardiac dysfunction and other degenerative diseases [18]. In the last 50 years, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from medicinal or food plants have been extensively investigated. Many pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of some antioxidant plant possess anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-muta genic and anti-viral activities to a greater or lesser extent. Researchers reported that intake of fruits, vegetables and other foods having high antioxidant activity has been associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other diseases [17]. Trouillas et al. investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of sixteen French herbal tea and found some herbs exhibited high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities [19]. Antioxidant activities in twenty traditional anti-inflammatory herbs extracts were investigated. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of these extracts could be explained, at least in part, by their antioxidant properties [20]. Free radicals liberated from phagocyte cells are important in inflammatory processes, because they are implicated in the activation of nuclear factor kB, which induces the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 [21 ]. Free radicals and oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term that encompasses all highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules, including free radicals. Types of ROS include the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, and various lipid peroxides. All are capable of reacting with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, and other small molecules, resulting in cellular damage. ROS are generated by a number of pathways. Most of the oxidants produced by cells occur as: A consequence of normal aerobic metabolism: approximately 90% of the oxygen utilized by the cell is consumed by the mitochondrial electron transport system. Oxidative burst from phagocytes (white blood cells) as part of the mechanism by which bacteria and viruses are killed, and by which foreign proteins (antigens) are denatured. Xenobiotic metabolism, i.e., detoxification of toxic substances. Consequently, things like vigorous exercise, which accelerates cellular metabolism; chronic inflammation, infections, and other illnesses; exposure to allergens and the presence of leaky gut syndrome; and exposure to drugs or toxins such as cigarette smoke, pollution, pesticides, and insecticides may all contribute to an increase in the bodys oxidant load [22]. Most reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products during mitochondrial electron transport. In addition ROS are formed as necessary intermediates of metal catalyzed oxidation reactions. Atomic oxygen has two unpaired electrons in separate orbits in its outer electron shell. This electron structure makes oxygen susceptible to radical formation. The sequential reduction of oxygen through the addition of electrons leads to the formation of a number of ROS including: superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radical; hydroxyl ion; and nitric oxide. Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Free radical formation occurs continuously in the cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions, which serve as source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P-450 system. Free radicals can also be formed in non-enzymatic reactions of oxygen with organic compounds as well as those initiated by ionizing reactions. Some internally generated sources of free radicals are Mitochondria, Xanthine oxidase, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Arachidonate pathways, Exercise, Ischemia/reperfusion injury etc. Some externally generated sources of free radicals are- Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants, Radiation, Certain drugs, pesticides, Industrial solvents, Ozone etc. Normally, cells defend themselves against ROS damage with enzymes such as alpha-1-microglobulin, superoxide dismutases, catalases, lactoperoxidases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Small molecule antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, and glutathione also play important roles as cellular antioxidants. In a similar manner, polyphenol antioxidants assist in preventing ROS damage by scavenging free radicals. In contrast, the antioxidant ability of the extracellular space is less e.g., the most important plasma antioxidant in humans is uric acid. Effects of ROS on cell metabolism are well documented in a variety of species. These include not only roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but also positive effects such as the induction of host defense genes and mobilization of ion transport systems. This implicates them in control of cellular function. In particular, platelets involved in wound repair and blood homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury. These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes. Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans. ROS are also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischemic injury. Specific examples include stroke and heart attack. All the biological molecules present in our body are at risk of being attacked by free radicals. Such damaged molecules can impair cell functions and even lead to cell death eventually resulting in diseased states. In recent years it has become apparent that the oxidation of lipids, or lipid peroxidation, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of several disease states in adult and infant patients. Lipid peroxidation is a process generated naturally in small amounts in the body, mainly by the effect of several reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide etc.). It can also be generated by the action of several phagocytes. These reactive oxygen species readily attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fatty acid membrane, initiating a self-propagating chain reaction. The destruction of membrane lipids and the end-products of such lipid peroxidation reactions are especially dangerous for the viability of cells, even tissues [23-25]. Membrane lipids present in subcellular organelles are highly susceptible to free radical damage. Lipids when reacted with free radicals can undergo the highly damaging chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LP) leading to both direct and indirect effects. During LP a large number of toxic byproducts are also formed that can have effects at a site away from the area of generation, behaving as second messengers. The damage caused by LP is highly detrimental to the functioning of the cell [26]. Lipid peroxidation is a free radical mediated process. Initiation of a peroxidative sequence is due to the attack by any species, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group (CH2), leaving behind an unpaired electron on the carbon atom (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢CH). The resultant carbon radical is stabilized by molecular rearrangement to produce a conjugated diene, which then can react with an oxygen molecule to give a lipid peroxyl radical (LOOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢). These radicals can further abstract hydrogen atoms from other lipid molecules to form lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and at the same time propagate LP further. The process of LP, gives rise to many products of toxicological interest like malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and various 2-alkenals. Isoprostanes are unique products of lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and recently tests such as mass spectrometry and ELISA-assay kits are available to detect isoprostanes [27]. Oxidation of proteins by ROS/RNS can generate a range of stable as well as reactive products such as protein hydroperoxides that can generate additional radicals particularly upon interaction with transition metal ions. Although most oxidized proteins that are functionally inactive are rapidly removed, some can gradually accumulate with time and thereby contribute to the damage associated with ageing as well as various diseases. Lipofuscin, an aggregate of peroxidized lipids and proteins accumulates in lysosomes of aged cells and brain cells of patients with Alzheimers disease [28]. Inflammation Inflammation is one of the body unique mechanisms that help body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals, allergens or other noxious stimuli [29]. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent [30]. The process is created by immune cells invading the tissue like an army in full battle mode [31]. There are various components of inflammatory reaction that can contribute to the associated symptoms and tissue injury [30]. During inflammation, innate cells and molecules are usually stimulated to isolate, destroy infectious agents and repair tissue, or sometimes the adaptive immune system is also stimulated [32]. Consequently, the mechanism works in a cascade, where the inflammation is often triggered by circulating immune complexes that enter tissues [31]. Principally, inflammation is manifested by pain, swelling, redness band loss of function in the afflicted tissue [31, 33]. Saladin (2007) categorized process of inflammation into three major processes; mobilization of the bodys defenses, containment and destruction of pathogens, and tissue clean up and repair [34]. While Mahat and Patil (2007) classified the process into three phases; the first phase is caused by an increase in vascular permeability, the second one by infiltration of leukocytes and the third one by granuloma formation [30]. The inflammatory response is initiated by circulating proteins and blood cells when they contact invaders in the tissue. Microbial invaders that lodge in body tissue and begin to proliferated triggered inflammatory response [33]. Bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to the infected area (chemotaxis). The chemotactic agents, which are part of a large family of chemokines, include a component of the complement system (C5a), histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, and polypeptides from lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils [35]. The neutrophils also produce oxidants and release granular constituents comprising of lytic enzymes performing important role in inflammatory injury [36]. The innate immune system contributes to inflammation by activating the alternative and lechitin-binding complement pathways, attracting and activating phagocytic cells that secrete cytokines and chemokines, activating NK cells, altering vas. The result would firstly be increased in blood flow to the affected tissue which accelerates the delivery of immune system element to the site [33]. The vasodilation would later cause enlarged capillaries and lead to redness (erythema) as well as increase in temperature, which for an influx of fluid and cells, contributing to swelling [32]. Saladin (2007) explained that the increased in blood flow also washes toxin and metabolic wastes from the tissue rapidly. In addition, vasoactive chemicals cause endothelial cells of the blood capillaries to separate a little, widening the intracellular cleft between them and increasing capillary permeability that ease the movement of fluid, leukocytes, and plasma proteins from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue [34]. In the area of injury, many of the neutrophils enter the tissues. As neutrophils encounter bacteria, they avidly phagocytize, digest and destroy them. Neutrophils also recruit macrophages and additional neutrophils by secreting cytokines [33]. Activated macrophages and T cells in the inflamed tissue also secrete cytokines called colony stimulation factors, which promotes the production of more leukocytes by the red bone marrow. Within a few hours of inflammation, neutrophilia (the rise in the neutrophil count in blood) would occur [37]. Then, the neutrophils are attracted to the endothelial surface by selectins, and they roll along it. They bind firmly to neutrophil adhesion molecules of the integrin family. They next insinuate themselves through the walls of the capillaries between endothelial cells by a process called diapedesis [35]. Leukocytes adhere loosely to the selectins and slowly tumble along the endothelium, sometimes coating it so thick that they obstruct blood flow. This adherence to the vessel wall is called margination [38]. Later, the fibrinogens are filtered into the tissue fluid clots in area adjacent to the injury, forming a sticky mesh that sequesters bacteria and other microbes [34]. This is caused by release of chemicals from tissues and migrating cells. Most strongly implicated are the prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), histamine, bradykinin, platelet- activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-1 [39]. Prostaglandin is implicated in inducing the production of various chemo-attractants and pro-inflammatory cytokines [36]. Gislason (2009) mentioned that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible to secrete a number of mediators which is responsible not just for initiation, but also for progression and persistence of acute or chronic state of inflammation [31]. Finally, monocytes acts as the major agent in tissue clean up and repair. It enters the blood from the bone marrow and circulated for about 72 hours. Then, they enter the tissues and become tissue macrophage. The macrophage becomes activated by lympokines from T lymphocytes [35]. The activated macrophage migrate in respond to chemotactic stimuli and later engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, as well as dead and dying neutrophils. Besides that, it also acts as antigen presenting cells and activating specific immune response [34]. Edema may also contribute to the tissue clean up. Nitric oxide is responsible for vasodilatation, increase in vascular permeability and edema formation at the site of inflammation [36]. The swelling compresses veins and reduce venous drainage, while it forces open the valve of lympathic capillaries and promote lympathic drainage. The lymphatics can collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins and tissue debris better than blood capillary can. An accumulation of dead cells of neutrophils with other debris tissue and fluid will form pus, a yellowish fluid. It may accumulate in the tissue cavity and known as abcess [32]. Pus is usually absorbed, but sometimes it may be released by its rupture. Blood platelets and the endothelial cells in an area of injury secrete platelet derived growth factor, an agent that stimulates fibroblast to multiply and synthesize collagen. Hyperemia at the same time delivers the oxygen, amino acids and other necessities of protein synthesis, while the hea t of inflamed tissue increases metabolic rate and speed of mitosis and tissue repair. The fibrin clot in inflamed tissues may provide a scaffold for tissue reconstruction [34]. In part, inflammation declines simply because the mediators of inflammation have short half-lives, are degraded after their release, and are produced in quick bursts, only as long as the stimulus persists. In addition as inflammation develops, the process also triggers a variety of stop signals that serve to actively terminate the reaction [38]. Anti-inflammatory Activity Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system. Drugs to control inflammation When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides [32]. However, an uncontrolled and persistent inflammation that sometimes is triggered by harmless agent such pollen or by an auto immune response. It may act as an etiologic factor for many of these chronic illnesses, where it may induce, maintain or aggravate the disease [29]. As mentioned, the inflammation would occur with the presence of antigen. Thus, constant supply of antigen is available from the food or environment may leads to chronic inflammation and causes diseases such as asthma, arthritis and other autoimmune diseases [31]. In such cases, the defense reaction themselves may cause progressive tissue injury. Hence, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary to modulate the inflammatory process [37]. Anti-inflammatory drugs are designed to targets the inhibition of the release of these mediators to control inflammation [36]. Harvey and Champe (2008) have classified anti-inflammatory drugs into three category; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors) and other analgesics [32]. Aspirin is a prototype of traditional NSAIDs. It works by irreversibly inhibit Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2) enzymes, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors [40]. Due to this mechanism of action, aspirin also cause adverse effects such as gastric hemorrhages, hypersensitivity and thrombocytopenia [41]. It is becoming a concern of healthcare providers that patients are developing intolerance from day to day. About fifteen percent of patients show intolerance with aspirin. Therefore, newer NSAIDs with greater anti-inflammatory activities are developed. However, the newer NSAIDs are considerably more expensive than aspirin and some have proved to be more toxic in the other way [32]. The second category is COX-2 inhibitor. The mechanism of action is by selectively inhibiting the activity of COX-2 enzyme that results in decreased of prostaglandin precursors [37]. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors have an advantage by showing lower risk of developing gastrointestinal bleeding and have no significant effects on platelets [42]. However, this drug is not recommended for renal impaired patients because it may cause renal insufficiency and increase the risk of hypertension [40]. It also has some possible adverse effects recorded in Malaysian Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) that it may cause allergic reaction, dizziness, headache, rash, upper respiratory infection and gastrointestinal disturbances such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain and diarrheas [41]. Acetaminophen is categorized under other analgesic because it has little or no anti-inflammatory activity [32]. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin in the central nervous system and peripherally blocks pain impulse generations [40]. They have therapeutic advantages over narcotic analgesics which they do not cause physical dependence or tolerance and does not affect platelet function or increase blood clotting time, but it does have many of side effects similar to aspirin [42]. Rarely, skin rash and allergic reaction may appear as the side effects [41]. There are also drugs from autacoids antagonist such as antihistamines used to prevent progress of inflammation. The term antihistamine, without a modifying adjective, refers to the classic H1 receptor blockers [32]. H1 histamine antagonists drugs are develop effectively to target the receptors to treat hay fever and some skin allergies such as urticaria. H1 receptor blockers act on immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody-sensitizing mast cell [37]. Rheumatoid arthritis is alleviated by drugs, which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme and reduce synthesis of prostanoids, corticosteroids prevent the formation of both prostaglandins and leukotriens by causing the release of lipocortin that leads to inhibition of phospholipase A2 that reduces arachidonic acid release which is able to suppress the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma [39]. Anti-cytokines therapy involving target on Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽÂ ± (TNF-ÃŽÂ ±) that stimulate synovial cells to proliferate and synthesize collagenase, leading to degradation of cartilage, stimulation of bone resorption, and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is another method that is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis [32]. Despite the benefits that the drugs hold, it also carries the side effects. As a result, it may lead various unwanted effects such as to gastric lesions, allergy reactions, tolerance and dependence, as well as resistance [40, 43]. Hence, worldwide researchers are still working to produce the ideal medicines of anti-inflammatory with highest efficacy, best potency and lowest or none side effects. Description of the plant investigated Bauhinia acuminata L. is a species of flowering shrub native to tropical southeastern Asia. The exact native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation, but probably from Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Philippines. It is widely cultivated throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant. It may be found as an escape from cultivation in some areas, and has become naturalized on the Cape York Peninsula, Australia [44]. Common Name Bangla: Shwet Kanchan. Malaysian: Bunga Perak. English: Dwarf White Bauhinia, White Mountain Ebony [45]. Indonesian: Panawar Saribu (Sunda Islands); Kupu-kupu (Java) Thailand: Ka Long, SomSio Burma: Mahahlegabyu India: Kaanchnaara, Kovidaara (Ayurvedic); Kachnaal (Unani); Vellaimandarai (Siddha/Tamil); Kanchan (Assam); Shwetkachnar, Kachnalsafaid (Punjab) Sri Lanka: Sudu Kobalila (Singhalese) Japan: Moku-wan-ju. Taxonomical Hierchy: Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae Infrakingdom : Streptophyta Division : Tracheophyta Subdivision : Spermatophytina Infradivision : Angiosperms Class : Eudicots Superorder : Rosids Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Caesalpiniaceae Genus : Bauhinia Species : B. acuminata Binomial name : Bauhinia acuminata L. Botanical Description: Fig.-1.1: Bauhinia acuminata L. tree. Bauhinia acuminata L. is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is a rapidly growing shrub that can reach up to 3m tall. It rises with several strong, smooth, upright stems with many slender branches; young twigs being pubescent. The stipules are linear-lanceolate measures 1cm long. The leaves are cordate or nearly so are the base, bilobed to about one third of their length with obtuse or acute lobes 9-11 nerve, sparsely pubescent beneath, about 10cm long and broad. The flowers appear at the extremities of the branches 3-4 in a loose bunch with white petals. Thepedicels measure 6-12mm long. The flower buds fusiform, long attenuate at the apex and 5 setaceous dents, measures 3cm long. The calyx-limb laterally splitting, spathaceous; receptacle short. The petals obovate, measure 4cm long and 2cm wide. The stamens 10 all fertile, shorter than the petals; anthers small.The ovary shortly stipitate, sparsely pubescent. The pods are linear-oblong, stipitate, measure 10cm long and 1.5cm wide, d ark brown in colour containing 10 roundish compressed seeds [46, 47]. Traditional uses of Bauhinia acuminata L. The bark and leaves in a decoction helps relieve biliousness [48]. A remedy recommended by the Indian Vaiydas [45]. In Malaysia and Indonesia the plant is used in the treatment of common cold and cough [48]. The root seems to be the part made used of by the Japanese in treating cough and cold. In India the decoction of the leaves and bark is given for allying asthmatic attack. The Indians made used of the bark and leaves in a decoction to treat stones in the bladder, venereal diseases and leprosy [45]. Amongst the Mullu kuruma tribe of Karella the decoction of the bark is used in treating urinary discharge (gonorrhea). They make use of paste of the leaves applied on the throat for throat troubles. It is applied externally to treat skin diseases [49]. The root is boiled in oil and applied to burns and pain [45]. Objective of study To evaluate the free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia acuminata L. bark extracts in rats. Significance of study Bauhinia acuminata L. is one of the